2024年环境与社会研究更新报告

2 0 2 4 U p d a t e Key Takeaways Total T&T GHG emissions per unitof T&T GDP fell by 2% between2022 and 2023, and were 10%below 2019, meaning it is lessemissions intensive. T&T contributed 6.5% to globalGHG emissions in 2023, wellbelow its pre-pandemic peak of7.8% in 2019. T&T contributed 8.1% of globalenergy use in 2023, up from 6.9%in 2022 but well below the 9.5%contribution in 2019. Global T&T GDP returned to 96%of its 2019 peak in 2023 andexceeded 2019 in most regions. T&T’s contribution to global airpollution increased for allpollutants between 2022 and 2023but remained significantly below2019 peak for most pollutants. T&T directly contributed 1.1% ofglobal water use in 2023, with anadditional 4.5% share coming fromthe value chain. Fossil fuels extraction in the T&Tvalue chain returned most quicklyto 2019 levels of all materials andis now at 96% of 2019 levels. Direct T&T jobs contributed 4.3%of global youth employment, and3.6% of female employment. T&T-linked tax revenues were$3.3 trillion in 2023 across allchannels, 27% of its GDPfootprint. T&T supported 90.9 million highwage jobs in 2023, 1.7 million thanin 2019. Contents 03Introduction11Greenhouse gas emissions16Energy22Water26Air pollution31Materials use37Youth employment41Female employment 45High wage jobs48Tax revenues Economic context:T&T GDP* nearly returned to its 2019 peakglobally in 2023, and exceeded this level in most regions •T&T contributed 9.1% of global GDP to the global economy in 2023,compared to 7.5% in 2022. •The Travel & Tourism sector was more heavily affected by thepandemic than the economy overall. •In 2023, T&T GDP returned to 96% of its 2019 peak, signalling areturn to normal after the disruption of the pandemic. •T&T GDP in many regions was higher in 2023 than in 2019. In Asia-Pacific, a significant T&T market, GDP remained 15% below 2019 butgrew significantly in 2023. Why is Travel & Tourism GDP important for understandingenvironmental impact? Travel & Tourism’s economic contribution–and its recovery from thepandemic disruptions–provides important context for understanding itsenvironmental impact. Travel & Tourism and its value chain generateimpacts on the environment. Higher emissions, energy use, water use, airpollution and material use can therefore represent either an increase ineconomic output, or an increase in the amount of environmental impactper dollar of Travel & Tourism GDP (higher environmental intensity, or inother words, a reduction in efficiency)–or both. * Travel & Tourism GDP value in the rest of this briefingincludes only the direct and indirect impacts of the sector. Itdoesn’t includeits wage-induced impacts. Glossary–Environmental impacts This report uses several shorthand terms for conciseness and simplicity. These terms are defined below. Glossary–Social impacts This reportusesseveral shorthand terms for conciseness and simplicity. The precise definitions of these terms are outlined below. Introductionto social impacts: The channels of social impact The social impact of the Travel & Tourism sector acts largely through its employment of different groups of people. T&T encompasses many activities which employ people both directly and indirectly via their value chains. The people employedareof different ages and genders, and T&T supports different levels of wages. Our study focuses on the impact of T&T employmentonyoung workers, women, and the share of workers on high wages. Channels of employment impact Example: What is the employment impact associated with atourist’s resort vacation in Mexico? We assess employment across three channels Introduction to environmental impacts: Interpreting intensities Reporting metrics Interpreting trends in environmental intensities •Intensities vary by country and industry. For example, Mexicanagriculture has a different GHG emissions intensity than bothMexican accommodation, and US agriculture.•Moreover, changes in intensity over time are unique to eachindustry and country. Trends are calculated based on observeddata between 2010 and 2019 (the latest year available). •We report environmental impacts of T&T in three categories: •Absolute impact–e.g., tonnes of CO2e emitted.•Contribution to global totals–e.g., share of global GHGemissions.•Intensities–e.g., kilograms of CO2e emitted per $1 of T&TGDP. Changes in global and regional T&T intensities therefore captureboth: •These headline results are the primary indicator of the sector’soverall environmental impact. However, headline findings canreflect several underlying trends, and it is important to keep thesefactors in mind when drawing conclusions. 1.Changes in the underlying environmental performanceinthe countries and industries that contribute to the T&T sectorand its supply chains; and2.Changes in global patterns of Travel & Tourism spending–in other words, changes in the countries and industries in whichtourists are spending money. A note on different indicators ofenvironme