先天性梅毒：2024年年度流行病学报告

Congenital syphilis Annual Epidemiological Report for 2024 Key facts •In 2024, 140 confirmed congenital syphilis cases were reported from 14 EU/EEA countries, while 14othercountries reported no cases.This is an increase from2023,when78 cases were reported by 12 out of26 countries contributing data.Three countries, Bulgaria, Hungary and Portugal,reported 62% of casesin 2024 and 53% of cases in 2023.•The number of cases reported in 2024 representsthe highest number of congenital syphilis notificationssince 2009,when ECDCassumedcoordination of congenital syphilis surveillancein the EU/EEAandrepresentsnearly a doubling ofthe number ofcasesreported in2023.•Increases in congenital syphilis were paralleled by increases in the notification rates of syphilis amongwomen in several EU/EEA countries.•In 2024, 16 EU/EEA countries that provided data on congenital syphilis had national rates at or belowthe WHOEuropean Region2030 elimination target of≤1 case per 100 000 live births,of which14reportedzero cases.•In countries reporting increasesin congenital syphilis rates it is important tostrengthentheprevention of syphilis among heterosexual populations,haveeffective antenatal screeningprogrammes, and consider universal third‑trimester retesting of pregnant women. Enhancedsurveillance, includinglinkingmaternal syphilis infections with birth outcomes, is essential to identifyprevention gaps and guide targeted interventions. Introduction Congenital syphilis is an infection that occurs whenTreponema pallidum, thebacterium causingsyphilis, is passeddown fromaninfectedpregnant personto thefoetusduring pregnancy, primarilyvia transplacental transmissionor, less commonly, through exposure to infectious lesions at delivery[1]. The term‘congenital’ indicates thattransmission has taken place in utero.Transmission can occur at any stage ofmaternalsyphilis and at any stage ofpregnancy; however, the risk is greatest in pregnantpeoplewith untreated early syphilis, in whomfoetalinfectionsoccur in approximatively 70–100% of pregnancies,withstillbirthsobservedin up to one third of cases.Althoughtransmissioncan occur at any time duringpregnancy, itismost commonafter 28 weeks of gestation; timelytreatmentadministeredbefore this periodandappropriate tothestage of infectionis highly effective in preventingadverse foetal outcomes. Currently, only congenital syphilis cases in infants that meet the laboratory criteria forcase confirmation are under EU epidemiological surveillance[2]. Suggested citation: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.Congenital syphilis. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiologicalreport for 2024. Stockholm: ECDC; 2026. Stockholm,May2026 Methods This report is based on data for 2024 retrieved fromEpiPulse Caseson 7 April 2026.EpiPulse Cases is a system forthe collection, analysis and dissemination of data on communicable diseases; it replaced The European SurveillanceSystem (TESSy) in October 2024. For a detailed description of methods used to produce this report, refer to the ‘Methods’ chapter of ECDC’s ‘AnnualEpidemiological Report’[3].An overview of the national surveillance systems is available on theECDC website[4]. A subset of the data used for this report is available through ECDC’s online ‘Surveillance Atlas ofInfectiousDiseases’[5]. In 2024, the majority of countries (21/28) reported congenital syphilis data using the standard EU case definitions[2].Of these,15countries reported using the 2018 EU case definition, three countries reported using the 2012 EU casedefinition, two used the 2008 definition and one used the 2002 definition. The remainingsevencountries reportedeither using national case definitions (four countries) or did not specify the case definition in use (threecountries). Congenital syphilis surveillance is comprehensive in26countries[4]. In25of these countries, reporting iscompulsory. The Netherlands did not provide this information. France implements sentinel surveillance forcongenital syphilis with voluntary reporting and is therefore not included inthepresentedpopulation rates.Austriaand Belgium didnot report congenital syphilis data. Cases are analysed by date of diagnosis, or when unavailable, by date used for statistics. National congenitalsyphilis rates per 100 000 live births are calculated by considering the number of reported cases in a given year forthe numerator and the number of live births in the country for that respective year for the denominator. Epidemiology In 2024,140confirmed cases of congenital syphilis were reported in 14EU countries (Table 1).Fourteencountriesreported no cases. Bulgaria, Hungary, and Portugal reported the most (62%) cases in 2024(30,42, and 15cases,respectively). For 2023, 78confirmed congenital syphilis cases were reported by 12of the 26countries thatprovided data; most (53%) cases in 2023werealsoreportedbyBulgaria, Hungary and Portugal (13,13and 15cases, respectively). The number of cases reported in 2024in the European Union/European Eco