百日咳2023年年度流行病学报告

Pertussis Annual Epidemiological Report for 2023 Key facts •In 2023, 26 033 cases of pertussis were reported by 29 EU/EEA countries.•Two countries (Croatia and Denmark) accounted for more than 40% of all reported cases.•The notification rate in 2023 was 6.7 cases per 100 000 population, which was a significant increasecompared to the previous three years, but lower than 2019, when it was 9 cases per 100 000 population.•Adolescents between 10 and 14 years and infants below the age of one year were the most affected agegroup, with notification rates of 34.1 and 33.4 per 100 000 population. Individuals aged≥ 15 yearsaccounted for 52% of all cases reported.•The clinical presentation of pertussis in adolescents and adults may be mild and is often not recognised,which contributes to bacterial circulation in the population. This poses a transmission risk to infants whoare too young to have completed the primary pertussis vaccination series.•The objectives of pertussis prevention and control include the prevention of severe disease and deathsamong infants younger than six months old through well-adapted and implemented vaccinationprogrammes. As of May 2025, 25 countries have implemented maternal immunisation programmes, whilebooster vaccination for adolescents (10 to 19 years) have been implemented in 24 countries, and in 13countries for adults (18 years and above). Introduction Pertussis is a highly infectious bacterial disease involving the respiratory tract. It is caused by a bacterium(Bordetella pertussis orBordetella parapertussis) that is found in the mouth, nose and throat of an infected person.It is also known as whooping cough. Symptoms usually appear seven to 10 days after infection, but can also appear up to 21 days later. Initially,symptoms resemble those of a common cold, including sneezing, runny nose, low-grade fever and a mild cough.Within two weeks, the cough becomes more severe and is characterised by episodes of numerous rapid coughs,followed by a crowing or high-pitched whoop. These episodes frequently end with the expulsion of a thick, clearmucous, often followed by vomiting. They initially occur at night and then become more frequent during the dayand may recur for one to two months. In young infants, the typical 'whoop' may never develop, and the coughingfits may be followed by brief periods when breathing stops. After this phase, the coughing fits become lessfrequent and less severe, and the infant gradually gets better, although this can take up to three months. Adolescents, adults, or partially immunised children generally have milder or atypical symptoms, so pertussis mightbe more difficult to diagnose in these groups as well as in very young infants. Methods This report is based on data for 2024 retrieved from EpiPulse Cases on 12 March 2025. EpiPulse Cases is a systemfor the collection, analysis and dissemination of data on communicable diseases that has replaced The EuropeanSurveillance System (TESSy) in October 2024. An overview of the national surveillance systems is available online [1]. A subset of the data used for this report is available through the interactive Surveillance atlas of infectiousdiseases[2]. In 2023, 29 European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) countries reported data on pertussis to EpiPulseCases. Liechtenstein has never reported pertussis data to ECDC. The majority of countries reported case-based data in accordance with the EU case definition, based oncomprehensive passive surveillance systems with national coverage [3,4]; only pertussis data due toBordetellapertussis are reportable according to the EU case definition. Belgium and Bulgaria reported aggregate data in2023. Belgium operates a voluntary sentinel-laboratory-based surveillance system covering the entire population.France operates a hospital-based sentinel surveillance system, which includes only infants below the age of sixmonths; for 2018 (in addition to 2016 and 2017 in previous reports) the cases below the age of one year identifiedthrough the ECDC study PERTINENT (Pertussis in Infants in Europe) were reported to ECDC as part of the annualdata collection and are included in ECDC’s outputs. Germany reported data on pertussis for the first time in 2014,after nationwide reporting became mandatory in March 2013. Epidemiology Geographic distribution For 2023, 29 EU/EEA countries reported 26 033 pertussis cases, of which 93% were classified as confirmed, 3% asprobable and 4% as possible. Four countries (Denmark, Croatia, the Netherlands, and Austria) accounted for 64%of all reported cases, with the highest number of cases reported by Denmark (29%) and Croatia (23%) (Table 1).In Denmark, all of cases reported were confirmed cases while in Croatia 94%, in the Netherlands 98% and inAustria 95%. The EU/EEA notification rate was 6.7 per 100 000 population, which wassubstantially increased from< 1 per 100 000 population 2021 and 2022. It was the second highest reported in the past five yea