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‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLYIN THE HIGHER REACHES OFTHE HIMALAYAS’ National Institute for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog NITI Bhawan, Sansad Marg New Delhi – 110001 Recommended Citation: NITI Aayog. (2025).Compendium on All Weather Tap water supply in the Higher Reaches ofthe Himalayas. New Delhi. NITI Aayog. Every effort has been made to ensure the correctness of data/information used in thisCompendium on All Weather Tap Water Supply in Higher Reaches of Himalayas. All contentUH³HFWVWKHLQGLYLGXDOYLHZVRIWKHDXWKRUV1,7,$D\RJGRHVQRWKROGDQLQVWLWXWLRQDOYLHZon any subject. NITI Aayog does not accept any legal liability for the accuracy or inferencesdrawn from the material contained therein or for any consequences arising from the use of thismaterial. NITI Aayog does not claim copyright for any images produced in the Compendium.No part of this report may be reproduced in any form (electronic or mechanical) withoutpriorpermission from or intimation to NITI Aayog.We are also thankful to theNITICommunication Cell for designing this compendium. August, 2025 This compendium is the result of a collaborative effort involving numerous individuals andinstitutions dedicated to addressing the challenges of water access in the Himalayan region.We are grateful to the various State Government departments, academic institutions, andcivil society organisations whose participation and insights greatly enriched the discussionsand helped shape the outcomes presented in this document. Table of Contents 1.Springshed Management for Water Security in the Himalayas .............................. 12.Integrating Traditional Knowledge with Modern Technology in WaterManagement....................................................................................................................... 63.Water Supply Dynamics and Challenges in the Himalayan States of India .......104.Integrated Approach for Water Pipeline Inspection ...............................................145.Application of AI, ML, and IoT in Himalayan Water Resources.............................. 216.Providing Safe Drinking Water at Doorstep ............................................................. 257.Water Security and Climate Adaption-II in Himachal Pradesh (WASCA-II) ...... 318.Springshed Management .............................................................................................. 379.Drinking Water Supply Challenges and Solutions in Lahaul Valley .................... 4310. Ensuring Drinking Water Supply in Hilly Terrains of Assam ................................. 4811. Water supply system in Ladakh................................................................................... 5512. All weather Tap water supply in Higher reaches of Himalayas ............................ 6213. Watershed Development Component - Pradhan Mantri KrishiSinchayee Yojana 2.0 (WDC-PMKSY 2.0) ................................................................. 6614. Integration, Innovation, and Community Involvement .......................................... 69List of Figures..............................................................................................................................iList of Abbreviations...............................................................................................................iiiExecutive Summary.................................................................................................................vi List of Figures List of Abbreviations Executive Summary ,QGLD¬V+LPDOD\DQ5HJLRQKRPHWRDVLJQL²FDQWVKDUHRIWKHQDWLRQ¬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heCompendium on All Weather Tap Water supply in the higher reaches of the HimalayasKLJKOLJKWV KRZ LQQRYDWLYH FRQWH[WVSHFLILF VROXWLRQV DUH HPHUJLQJ WR WDFNOH WKHVHXQLTXH FKDOOHQJHV 7KH /DGDNK PRGHO IRU H[DPSOH GHPRQVWUDWHV WKH XVH RI IURVWUHVLVWDQW KLJKGHQVLW\ SRO\HWK\OHQH+'3(  SLSHV EXULHG EHORZ IURVW OLQHV LQVXODWLRQ RIH[SRVHG SLSHOLQHV DQG VRODUSRZHUHG SXPSLQJ V\VWHPV 7KHVH PHDVXUHV KDYH SURYHQHIIHFWLYH LQ PDLQWDLQLQJ D IXQFWLRQDO WDS ZDWHU VXSSO\ HYHQ LQ WHPSHUDWXUHV GURSSLQJEHORZ §ƒ& DQG DW DOWLWXGHV DERYH  IHHW 6XFK ORFDOLVHG DGDSWDWLRQV KDYHSURYHG KRZ WHFKQLFDO