欧洲空气污染的健康风险：HRAPIE-2项目：世界卫生组织欧洲区域空气污染健康风险评估的浓度-反应函数更新指南

Updated guidance on concentration–responsefunctions for health risk assessment of air pollutionin the WHO European Region Health risks of air pollutionin Europe: HRAPIE-2 project Updated guidance on concentration–responsefunctions for health risk assessment of air pollutionin the WHO European Region Abstract Air pollution remains the leading environmental health risk both regionally and globally, contributing to reduced life expectancyand a wide range of noncommunicable diseases. Health risk assessment is a critical tool for quantifying the effects of air pollutionand informing evidence-informed clean air and climate change mitigation policies. This document updates the 2013Health risks ofair pollution in Europereport and provides up-to-date guidance on concentration–response functions and associated informationfor key pollutants (particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide) and health outcomes to support the assessments of effects fromdifferent exposure durations. Based on comprehensive systematic reviews and other evidence syntheses, it includes guidance for Keywords AIR POLLUTANTS, ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE, HEALTH POLICY, NITROGEN DIOXIDE,OZONE, PARTICULATE MATTER ISBN:9789289062633 (PDF)9789289062640 (print) © World Health Organization 2025 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0IGO licence(CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the workis appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specificorganization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license yourwork under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the followingdisclaimer along with the suggested citation:“This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the WorldIntellectual Property Organization (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/). Suggested citation.Health risks of air pollution in Europe: HRAPIE-2 project: updated guidance on concentration–responsefunctions for health risk assessment of air pollution in the WHO European Region. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data.CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Third-party materials.If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures orimages, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the General disclaimers.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expressionof any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended byWHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the publishedmaterial is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and Designed by: Imre Sebestyén jr./Unit Graphics Contents Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iv Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi 1.1Health risk assessment of air pollution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.2Development process for the HRAPIE-2 project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 2. Mortality outcomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 2.1PM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .