酒精与健康的国家快照：尼泊尔

Alcohol and health This snapshot provides an overviewof alcohol consumption in Nepal,its health effects, the current policy ▶Opportunities for action response and key opportunities for action.The snapshot was developed to accelerateprogress in the implementation of the fivehigh-impactSAFERinterventions(1), in the Strengthening restrictions onalcohol promotion, advertising and context of theGlobal Alcohol Action Plan(2). As part of the SAFER initiative, country teams,supported by WHO, identified opportunitiesto advance action on alcohol policies andinterventions. These cross-disciplinarycountry teams were nominated from different Country context key strategies and policy responses, whichinclude a multi-sectoral action plan aimedat harnessing the power of partnership and from all NCDs deaths(3). In response, thegovernment has developed a number of▶Alcohol consumption trends ●In 2022, alcohol per capita consumption (15+ years, pure alcohol) was 3.7 litresper year (l/yr) compared with 3.6 l/yr regionally and 5 l/yr globally(5). ●In 2020, 23.9% of adults (15+ years) were current drinkers1, 25.8% men and17.8% women(6). ●In 2020, 9.5% of adults (15+ years) engaged in heavy episodic drinking2,15.1% of men compared to 5.1% of women(6). ●In 2020, 66.1% of adults (15+ years) were lifetime abstainers3, 56.2 % men and74.8% women(6). ▶Unrecorded alcohol ●Unrecorded alcohol comprises approximately two-thirds of the total alcoholconsumed(6). The majority of unrecorded alcohol consumed washomebrewed spirits such as Aila/Raksi and wine such as Jaad(6). ▶Health and socio-economic indicators 6.16 %current healthexpenditure as% of the gross 42.91 billiongross domesticproductCurrent USD(2024)(10) Health consequencesof alcohol consumption ▶Mortality and morbidity related to alcohol Alcohol use disorders Liver cirrhosis death rates among males(15+ years) is3.1%12 month prevalence (2016)(5).among females(15+ years) is0.6%12 month prevalence (2016)(5). among males(15+ years) is13.4 per 100 000population (2019)(5).among females(15+ years)is5.6per 100 000population (2019)(5). ▶Young people ▶Road traffic deaths In 2019,11.2% of young people(15–19 years) consumed alcohol,12.3% ofboysand10.1% of girls(5). In 2019,16.3%of road traffic deaths wereattributed to alcohol(12). Approximately one in six adults reported theydrove a vehicle while under the influence of Alcohol is a psychoactive substance with dependence-producing properties.The consumption of alcohol and problems related to alcohol vary widely around Alcohol consumption results in significantharm to individuals,their familiesand societies. Alcohol (ethanol) is a mainly due to its economic burden on the healthsystem, criminal justice system and labour psychoactive and toxic substance that impactsmultiple biological systems. The consumptionof alcohol is a causal factor in more than 200disease and injury conditions(14). Alcohol wasestimated to have caused 2.6 million deathsworldwide in 2019(15). A significant proportionof the disease burden attributable to alcoholconsumption arises from unintentional and Cultural, social and religious normsinfluence alcohol consumption, as well asits normalization (acceptability), ease ofpurchase (availability) and price (affordability).Addressing this multidimensional causalityrequires a portfolio of high-impactinterventions.SAFERis a technical package Policy mapping in the contextof SAFER interventions1 Strengthen restrictions on alcohol availability ●Liquor Act 1974refers to the licensing issue and renewal, the right of VAT officers to conduct raids and administerpunishment and reward for information on illicit alcohol(16).●Alcohol Rules 1977refers to the prohibition of selling alcohol in any form, in public places such as the compound of atemple, educational institutions, schools and colleges or within the 200 yards of these places(17).●Hotel Management and Sale and Distribution of Liquors (Control) Act, 1966(2nd Amendment, 2010) refers to the sellingand serving of alcohol from 12:00 noon to 24:00 (weekdays) and 12:00 to 01:00 am on Fridays by hotels and shops(18).●Alcohol Sales and Distribution Regulatory Directives 2008provides the following: The Consumer Protection Act, 2018– prohibits producing or selling goods or services that cause adverse effect on health(20). Enforcing alcohol availability legislation is challenging (unpublished communication, [August 2023]). For example, in 2019,those aged between 15 to 19 years of age reported not having difficulty accessing alcohol(6). Advance and enforce drink-driving countermeasures Motor Vehicles and Transport Management Act 1993– prohibits the use of alcohol or any other intoxicating substance bydrivers while driving a vehicle(21). Facilitate access to screening, brief interventions and treatment ●In primary health care, brief interventions for alcohol use are part of the Package of Essential Non-CommunicableDiseases2(unpublished communication, [August 202