埃及发展状况：全球比较分析政策简报（英）

Key MessagesDespite improvements since2000, Egypt has a low level of development achievements, ranking125th out of160countries globally on the Global Development Index (GDI). The relatively lowranking on the GDI compared to the Human Development Index (HDI) is primarily due to lowachievements in the governance dimension.Within governance, both democratic governance and government effectiveness contributeequal shares to the Governance Index (GI), but the gap between Egypt and the rest of the worldhas deteriorated more significantly for the latter.Figure 1. GDI scores for 2000, 2010 and 2023Figure 2.GDI score categories36%37%39%36%36%36%28%27%25%0.4660.5030.5080.0000.1000.2000.3000.4000.5000.6000.7000.800200020102023Arab regionVery lowSource:ESCWA calculations.Source:ESCWA calculations. 36%38%39%28%30%35%31%33%36%32%34%35%39%37%36%37%35%35%31%28%26%33%32%29%33%32%29%0.4750.5040.5130.4920.5200.5410.5470.5740.596200020102023EgyptLower-middleincome countriesWorld200020102023200020102023(120)(125)(123)Environmental Sustainability IndexQuality-adjusted Human Development IndexGovernance Index0.550.70.81MediumHighVery highLow 50%51%54%48%50%49%59%59%59%58%58%51%50%49%46%52%50%51%41%41%41%42%42%49%0.3890.4150.3830.445(108)0.430(116)0.397(125)0.4930.5050.4720.5330.5430.517200020102023200020102023200020102023200020102023Arab regionEgyptLower-middleincome countriesWorldDemocratic Governance IndexGovernment Effectiveness Index50%48%43%49%46%44%48%44%43%47%45%41%28%28%32%19%22%28%22%25%31%28%29%32%22%24%25%32%32%28%30%31%26%25%27%28%0.4090.4730.5610.5020.5580.5980.5180.5710.6040.5080.5720.651200020102023200020102023200020102023200020102023(97)(83)(76)Arab regionEgyptWorldLower-middleincome countriesQuality-adjusted Income IndexKnowledge IndexHealthy Life Expectancy IndexFigure 3.Governance Index scores and rank for Egypt (Out of 160)Figure 4.Quality-adjusted Human Development Index scores and rank for Egypt (Out of 160)To address the government effectiveness deficit, it is necessary to improve the quality ofpublic services, especially in health and education, and the efficiency of public expenditure,which has been driven by unsustainably rising debt levels over the past decade.The Quality-adjusted Human Development Index (Q-HDI) is the leading contributor to overallprogress on the GDI, with gains in its knowledge component being the main source ofimprovement. However, Egypt still faces heightened gaps in two crucial components relatedto quality education and income poverty.Source:ESCWA calculations.Source:ESCWA calculations. Addressing the root cause of the regression in the Quality-adjusted Income Index requires aseparate and more extensive line of inquiry that is more focused on measuring the resilience,rather than the aggregate growth performance, of the Egyptian economy.Water and food security are the two main priorities for policymakers in the environmentalsustainability dimension, and the gaps in these two indicators are the most serious, as theglobal analysis presented in this report shows that Egypt is a distinct global outlier.Addressing these gaps requires an immediate shift to more water-saving agricultural practicesand at the same time rural support programmes that would enhance food security at thelocal level. Enhanced cooperation in the Nile Basin countries is also crucial for the long-termsustainability of the scarce water resources in Egypt.62%54%52%51%48%47%44%44%45%46%47%47%22%26%29%27%29%32%20%21%22%16%16%18%17%20%19%21%23%21%35%36%33%38%37%36%0.461(152)0.511(149)0.537(147)0.5070.5370.5440.5730.5830.5920.5990.6070.622200020102023200020102023200020102023200020102023Arab regionEgyptWorldLower-middleincome countriesWater and Food Security indexEnvironmental Health IndexClimate Change and Energy Efficiency IndexR= 0.02780.00.20.40.60.81.0YemenSudanSyrian Arab RepublicJordanLibyaKuwaitAlgeriaOmanTunisiaEgyptLebanonMoroccoMauritaniaDjiboutiIraqUnited ArabEmiratesQatarBahrainSaudi ArabiaWater and Food Security IndexArab regionLatin America and the CaribbeanSub-Saharan AfricaIncome IndexEast Asia and the PacificEurope and Central AsiaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaFigure 5. Environmental Sustainability Index scores and rank for Egypt (Out of 160)Figure 6. Income Index versus Water and Food Security IndexSource:ESCWA calculations.Source:ESCWA calculations. RecommendationsA. Increasing government effectivenessReform public institutions to improve transparency, responsiveness, service delivery, justice,participation, and the rule of law.Launch a comprehensive national dialogue on governance reforms, engaging government,civilsociety, and international actors.Design a governance reform roadmap based on three pillars:1.Promote transparency and participation through legislation on freedom of informationandinstitutionalized stakeholder engagement.2.Improve the quality of public services (e.g., education, health, transportation), especially throughdigitalization and simplification of procedures.3.Enhance debt governance by