埃及的发展状况：全球比较分析

VISIONESCWA, an innovative catalyst for a stable, just and flourishing Arab region MISSION Committed to the 2030 Agenda, ESCWA’s passionate team produces innovativeknowledge, fosters regional consensus and delivers transformational policy advice.Together, we work for a sustainable future for all. The State of Development in Egypt A Global Comparative Analysis © 2025 United NationsAll rights reserved worldwide Photocopies and reproductions of excerpts are allowed with proper credits. All queries on rights and licences, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the UnitedNations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA),email:publications-escwa@un.org. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authorsand do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal statusof any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of itsfrontiers or boundaries. Links contained in this publication are provided for the convenience of the reader and are correct atthe time of issue. The United Nations takes no responsibility for the continued accuracy of thatinformation or for the content of any external website. References have, wherever possible, been verified. Mention of commercial names and products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. References to dollars ($) are to United States dollars, unless otherwise stated. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures.Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. United Nations publication issued by ESCWA, United Nations House,Riad El Solh Square, P.O. Box: 11–8575, Beirut, Lebanon. Website:www.unescwa.org. 2400721E Acknowledgements This report was carried out by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for WesternAsia (ESCWA) and the Institute of National Planning (INP) in Egypt. It marks the first joint initiativewith a member State to implement a national development challenges assessment frameworkfollowing the launch of the World Development Challenges Report in 2022. The aim is to assess thestate of development at the national level based on global and regional comparisons. The objectiveis to strengthen evidence-based policymaking and establish a foundation for subsequentsubnational analyses. The report is the outcome of a more than year-long collaborative effort between the INP team, ledby its President, Ashraf Al Arabi, and ESCWA, under the direction of Tarik Alami, Leader of theGovernance and Conflict Prevention Cluster. Lead authors Hala Abou-Ali, Professor of Economics and Adviser to the President of INP.Khalid Abu-Ismail, Senior Economics Affairs Officer at ESCWA. Authors Wafaa El Baba, Michael Ibrahim Fheili, Maria Hitti and Abdulkarim Jaafar from ESCWA. Contributors The authors are grateful for valuable feedback received from the following INP report teammembers: Heba Elbaz, Zainab El Sadii, Sherine Ghaly, Sahar Aboud, Dina Kasem and Samah ElDanasory. Their insights helped tailor the existing indices and analysis to the specific developmentcontext of Egypt. Expert reviewers and consultations Several consultative Expert Group Meetings were conducted to prepare this report. The authorsextend their gratitude to the following senior advisers who participated in these consultationsand provided constructive feedback and insights: Ibrahim El Issawi, Soheir Abou El Enein,Hoda El Nemr, Nivine Kamal, Khaled Zakaria Amin, Heba Handoussa, Youness Abouyoub, HowaidaRoman and Noha Elmekawi. A special thanks goes to Hoda El Nemr, Howaida Roman and KhaledZakaria Amin for their detailed review and input into the recommendations compiled in chapter 4. Background publications World Development Challenges ReportDevelopment challenges index: statistical measurement and validityDevelopment inequalities from a broader perspective: a proposed index iv Research assistanceIbrahim Al Soussy Administrative supportNancy Zreik (ESCWA)Dina Refaat (INP) ProductionESCWA Conference Management Section Key messages •Despite improvements since 2000, Egypt has a low level of developmentachievements, ranking 125th out of 160 countries globally on the GlobalDevelopment Index (GDI). The relatively low ranking on the GDI comparedto the Human Development Index (HDI) is primarily due to lowachievements in the governance dimension. •Within governance, both democratic governance and governmenteffectiveness contribute equal shares to the Governance Index (GI), but thegap between Egypt and the rest of the world has deteriorated moresignificantly for the latter. •To address the government effectiveness deficit, it is necessary to improvethe quali