以色列：选定问题

ISRAEL SELECTED ISSUES July 2026 This paper on Israel was prepared by a staff team of the International Monetary Fund asbackground documentation for the periodic consultation with the member country. It is Copies of this report are available to the public from ISRAEL SELECTED ISSUES June 10, 2026 ApprovedByPrepared by Ece Ozge Emeksiz CONTENTS THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON ISRAEL’S LABOR MARKET _______ 2 A. Context ______________________________________________________________________________2B. Preparedness and Challanges ________________________________________________________2 FIGURES 1. AI Preparedness and Investment _____________________________________________________32. Skill Readiness, Educational Attainment, and Workforce Composition _______________5 References____________________________________________________________________________ 12 ANNEX I. Measuring Exposure and Complementarity to AI ___________________________________ 13 THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON Artificial intelligence (AI)-particularly Generative AI2-has the potential to raise productivity but couldreshape workplaces across sectors. Using occupational microdata, this paper assesses the potentialimpact of Generative AI on Israel’s labor market and benchmarks it against selected Europeaneconomies. The results indicate that most Israeli workers are likely to benefit from AI adoption. A.Context 1.Artificial intelligence (AI), including Generative AI models, has advanced rapidly in recent years.These developments have expanded AI’s scope beyond conventionalmachine-learning applications to encompass a wide range of cognitive tasks, such as patternrecognition, content creation, and decision support, thereby opening the door to sizableproductivity gains. AI has diffused relatively quickly across firms and occupations (Mish et al., 2025). 2.Israel is well-positioned to navigate this transition, both as a producer and a user of AItechnologies.The country plays a prominent role in the global AI ecosystem, supported by a denseecosystem of AI-focused startups and multinational R&D centers. On the adoption side, thewidespread diffusion of AI across sectors—including traditional industries and the public 3.This chapter examines how AI diffusion across occupations may affect labor marketoutcomes.Section B assesses Israel’s preparedness and challenges, while Section C analyzes thecharacteristics of the Israeli labor market, mapping measures of AI exposure and complementarity B.Preparedness and Challenges 4.Israel is relatively well prepared for AI adoption.The IMF’s AI Preparedness Index ranksIsrael 18th globally, reflecting strong innovation capacity and a supportive environment, while theStanford AI Index places Israel among the top in AI-related private investment and newly funded AICompanies (Figure 1). AI adoption is relatively high, particularly in the high-tech sector. Across all sectors, about 28 percent of Israeli firms report using AI.3Moreover, Israel is among the leadingOECD countries in both current and projected business-sector AI adoption (Filippucci and others, Sources: Cazzaniga and others (2024); and IMF staff estimates. Sources: Cazzaniga and others (2024); and IMF staff estimates. ISRAEL 5.However, skill shortages and Israel’s “dual economy” structure could constraineconomy-wide AI diffusion and limit macroeconomic gains. The IMF’s Skill Readiness and Imbalance Index—measuring the gap between projected new skilldemand and the share of graduates with new skills (relative to the United States)— indicatesthat demand significantly exceeds supply (Figure 2).4The gap is larger than in many advanced AI diffusion across broader sectors may be hindered by Israel’s dual economy. While skills andproductivity are high in the high-tech sector, they are weaker elsewhere, where digitization,including AI adoption, has lagged. AI use is concentrated in high-tech and information andcommunication technology (ICT) sectors; although European peers exhibit a similar pattern, Significant skill gaps persist across population groups, especially among Arab-Israeli and Haredipopulations. Despite rising labor participation among women in these groups, alongsideimproved education and skills, many workers remain employed in lower-skilled leveloccupations. Arab-Israeli and Haredi men exhibit low tertiary attainment and remainconcentrated in secondary education, limiting access to higher-productivity jobs. For Haredi C.Labor Market Exposure and Complementary to AI 6.We evaluate occupational exposure to AI and its potential for complementarity orsubstitution.Building on Felten et al. (2021), who construct occupation-level measures bymapping AI capabilities to workplace tasks, Pizzinelli et al. (2023) broaden the approach byincorporating the social, ethical, and physical characteristics of jobs. This extension allows for a These measures are applied to the 2023 Israel, Eurostat and U.K. Labor Force Surv