丹麦：选定问题（英）2025

©2025International Monetary FundDENMARKSELECTED ISSUES DENMARKSELECTED ISSUESApprovedByEuropean DepartmentPreparedbyThéodoreRenaultTHE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON DENMARK’S LABOR MARKET ___2A. Context ______________________________________________________________________________2B. Infrastructure, Human Capital, and Digital Preparedness in Denmark ________________2C. Labor Market Exposure and Complementary to AI ___________________________________5D. Conclusions and Policy Considerations ______________________________________________9FIGURES1. AI Preparedness and Digital Indicators _______________________________________________32. Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Companies _______________________________________43. Exposure and Complementarity to AI ________________________________________________64. Sectoral Differences __________________________________________________________________75. Gender Differences___________________________________________________________________86. Education, Income, and Age _________________________________________________________8References____________________________________________________________________________11ANNEXESI. Measuring Exposure and Complementarity to AI ___________________________________12II. Employment by Occupation and by Sector_________________________________________13CONTENTS 2INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUNDTHE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ONDENMARK’S LABOR MARKET1Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Generative AI models and their use have significantly advanced in recentyears, evolving from automating routine tasks to now performing complex cognitive functions. As aresult, it has the potential to reshape the job landscape across a broad range of skills and sectors. Bymapping occupational labor market micro data from the EU Labor Force Survey with a measure ofexposure and complementary to AI, our analysis suggests most Danes are likely to benefit from AIadoption, but around one fifth of the Danish workforce has high exposure and low complementarity,putting them at greater risk of job displacement. The groups most vulnerable include private sectoremployees, women, and workers with tertiary education. In contrast, men, low-educated people, andimmigrants face a lower risk, primarily because they are more likely to occupy jobs with low exposure.A.Context1.Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Generative AI models have made significant advances inrecent years. These models have evolved from traditional machine learning frameworks toperforming advanced cognitive functions, processing vast amounts of data, identifying patterns, andmaking decisions. Compared to previous technological innovations, the speed of AI adoption byworkers and firms is unprecedented (Mish et al., 2025), and companies are in a competitive race todevelop AI-driven products. As a result, AI has the potential to significantly enhance productivityacross various sectors and occupations, potentially reshaping the job landscape. However, it remainsuncertain whether AI technologies will complement or substitute specific occupations, and at whatpace this will unfold.2.The structure of this chapter is as follows.Section B assesses Denmark’s digitalpreparedness and potential to harness the benefits of AI, using the IMF’s AI Preparedness Index(AIPI) and other indicators of digital skills, perception, and AI use by companies. Section C examinesthe characteristics of the Danish labor market by mapping an index of exposure andcomplementarity onto occupational microdata. Section D concludes and discusses policyimplications.B.Infrastructure, Human Capital, and Digital Preparedness in Denmark3.The government has launched a new strategic initiative to promote the responsibledevelopment and use of AI in both the public and private sectors. Published in December 2024,theStrategic Approach to AIoutlines four initiatives.2The first initiative creates aDigital Taskforcetopromote the use of AI in the public sector, aiming to reduce administrative burdens and improve1Prepared by Théodore Renault (EUR).2See Ministry of Digital Affairs’Strategic Approach to Artificial Intelligence, which builds upon the earlierNationalStrategy for Artificial Intelligence, published in 2019. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUNDpublic service quality. Additionally, this initiative seeks to help “free up” labor in the public sector,addressing anticipated labor shortages, and will be implemented in coordination with themunicipalities and the regions. The second initiative creates aCenter for Artificial Intelligence inSocietyto guide businesses and government agencies on the responsible use of AI. The remaininginitiatives aim to facilitate the development of AI models that align with Danish norms andprinciples, such as transparency and accountability, using Danish text data that will be made freelyaccessible to companies.4.Denmark is well-prepared to benefit from AI.The IMF’s AI Preparedness Index (AIPI)ranks Denmark second worldwide,