2025年美国关税的后果：各国如何适应不确定的全球贸易体系

CONTENTS About the Global Trade and Innovation Policy Alliance ........................................................... 3Introduction....................................................................................................................... 4Country Responses One Year After “Liberation Day” .............................................................. 5The Disruptor and Trade Negotiator: United States ............................................................. 5Allied De-Riskers: Japan and Taiwan................................................................................. 6Allied Autonomy-Seekers: Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Spain, and Sweden..................................................................................................................................... 6Open-Market Frontliners: Argentina, Chile, Hungary, Peru, and Singapore ............................ 8Global South Multi-Aligned Protectionists: Brazil, Ghana, India, and Vietnam ....................... 8Friendly Opportunity-Seekers: Dominican Republic, Ecuador, North Macedonia, and Pakistan 9Country Cases .................................................................................................................. 10Argentina ..................................................................................................................... 10Austria......................................................................................................................... 15Brazil........................................................................................................................... 18Bulgaria ....................................................................................................................... 21Canada ........................................................................................................................ 22Chile............................................................................................................................ 23Dominican Republic...................................................................................................... 24Ecuador ....................................................................................................................... 28Germany ...................................................................................................................... 33Ghana.......................................................................................................................... 33Greece ......................................................................................................................... 35Hungary ....................................................................................................................... 38India............................................................................................................................ 39Italy............................................................................................................................. 40Japan .......................................................................................................................... 43North Macedonia .......................................................................................................... 44Pakistan....................................................................................................................... 47Peru ............................................................................................................................ 49Poland ......................................................................................................................... 50 Singapore..................................................................................................................... 53Spain........................................................................................................................... 54Sweden........................................................................................................................ 57Taiwan......................................................................................................................... 58United States ............................................................................................................... 60Vietnam ....................................................................................................................... 62Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 63 ABOUT THE GLOBAL TRADE AND INNOVATION POLICY ALLIANCE The Global Trade and Innovation Policy Alliance (GTIPA) is a global network of independent thinktanks that are ardent supporters of greater global trade liberalization and integration, deplore trade-distorting “innovation mercantilist” practices, yet believe that governments can and should playimportan