美国的贸易伙伴如何对美国关税做出反应（英）

GLOBAL TRADE AND INNOVATION POLICY ALLIANCE|JUNE 2025ABOUT THE GLOBAL TRADE AND INNOVATION POLICY ALLIANCEThe Global Trade and Innovation Policy Alliance (GTIPA) is a global network of independent thinktanks that are ardent supporters of greater global trade liberalization and integration, deplore trade-distorting “innovation mercantilist” practices, yet believe that governments can and should playimportant and proactive roles in spurring greater innovation and productivity in their enterprisesand economies. Member organizations advocate and adhere to research and policy consistent witha core Statement of Shared Principles. The Alliance represents a network of like-minded thinktanks who have opportunities to collaborate on events, research, and reports while enjoying aplatform that highlights and cross-pollinates member organizations’ work on trade, globalization,and innovation policy. Think tanks interested in joining the Alliance should contact Stephen Ezell,Vice President, Global Innovation Policy at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation(ITIF), atsezell@itif.org. PAGE 1 GLOBAL TRADE AND INNOVATION POLICY ALLIANCECONTENTSAbout the Global Trade and Innovation Policy Alliance ........................................................... 1Introduction....................................................................................................................... 3How Countries Are Reacting to the Trade War ....................................................................... 4Countries Are Negotiating with The United States While Reducing Their Economic Exposure toU.S. Trade Policies ......................................................................................................... 4Countries Are Prioritizing Economic Resiliency Measures .................................................... 4A Bumpy Road in the Upcoming Years .............................................................................. 4Countries Are Seeking to Boost Alternative Trade Routes..................................................... 5The U.S. Trade War Is Boosting China’s Influence Worldwide .............................................. 5Countries Are Taking Extraordinary Measures to Reduce Shock Volatility .............................. 6Country cases .................................................................................................................... 7Argentina ....................................................................................................................... 7Australia ........................................................................................................................ 8Bangladesh .................................................................................................................. 10Brazil........................................................................................................................... 12Bulgaria ....................................................................................................................... 13Canada ........................................................................................................................ 16Chile............................................................................................................................ 17Germany ...................................................................................................................... 18Italy............................................................................................................................. 19Jordan ......................................................................................................................... 21Mexico......................................................................................................................... 22North Macedonia .......................................................................................................... 24Pakistan....................................................................................................................... 26Peru ............................................................................................................................ 29Poland ......................................................................................................................... 30South Africa ................................................................................................................. 32Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 34 PAGE 2 GLOBAL TRADE AND INNOVATION POLICY ALLIANCEINTRODUCTIONThe global trade system has changed. As the world’s economic relations are rebalancing, with anuncertainoutcome,countries seek to protect their interests and existing partnerships.Unfortunately, the United States has been retreating from leading the global economic system,treating (and threatening)