尼泊尔资本支出瓶颈分析（英）2025

© [2025] International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NW This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in thiswork do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibilityfor any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods,processes, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The WorldBank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank, 1818 H StreetNW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Photos:Nabib Baral/World Bank NEPAL CAPITAL EXPENDITURE ACRONYMS ALBAbnormally Low BidsADBAsian Development BankCDCCompensation Determination CommitteeCDOChief District OfficerCGASComputerize Government Accounting SystemCIAACommission for the Investigation of Abuse of AuthorityCEMCountry Economic MemorandumDFODivision Forest OfficeDoRDepartment of RoadsEIAEnvironmental Impact AssessmentEPREnvironment Protection RulesESREnvironmental and Social ReviewFCGOFinancial Comptroller General OfficeFPFRAFinancial Procedures and Fiscal Responsibility ActFPFRRFinancial Procedures and Fiscal Responsibility RegulationsFYFiscal YearGDPGross Domestic ProductGISGeographic information systemIECCDInternational Economic Cooperation Coordination DivisionLAALand Acquisition ActLICLow Income CountriesLMBISLine Ministry Budget Information SystemLMICLower Middle Income CountriesLROLand Revenue OfficeLRMIMSLand Record Information Management SystemLPTLand & Property TaxMTEFMedium-Term Expenditure FrameworkMoFMinistry of FinanceMoFEMinistry of Forest and Environment MoHAMinistry of Home AffairsMoLMCPAMinistry of Land Management, Cooperatives and Poverty AlleviationMoPITMinistry of Physical Infrastructure and TransportMRJKIS2Modernization of Rani Jamara Kulariya Irrigation SchemeNFRNational Forest RegulationNNMNagdhunga Naubise MuglingNPPNational Pride ProjectNPBNational Project BankNPRNepalese RupeeNPBMISNational Project Bank Management Information SystemNPCNational Planning CommissionNRECNational Resource Estimation CommitteeNFRNational Forest RegulationNeLISNepal Land Information SystemOAGOffice of the Auditor GeneralPEFAPublic Expenditure and Financial AccountabilityPERPublic Expenditure ReviewPIUProject Implementation UnitPIMPublic Investment ManagementPIMAPublic Investment Management AssessmentPPAPublic Procurement ActPPRPublic Procurement RegulationsPTTProperty Transfer TaxQCBSQuality and Cost-Based SelectionRAPResettlement Action PlanSARSouth Asia RegionSRCTIPStrategic Road Connectivity & Trade Improvement ProjectSTEPSystematic Tracking of Exchanges in Procurement SystemTECTotal Estimated CostsTHBThai BahtTSATreasury Single AccountUNCITRALUnited Nations Commission on International Trade Law USDUnited States dollarVOVariation OrderWBWorld BankWEOWorld Economic OutlookVGGTVoluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of TenureIVSCInternational Valuation Standards Council ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was prepared by the World Bank’s Economic Policy and Public Sector team for Nepal,led by Joao Leonel Antunes Morgado (Economist) and included Yoshihiro Saito (Public SectorSpecialist), Ojeswee Pande (ET Consultant), and Prabin Dongol (Consultant). Contributions were received from Marcela Rozo (Senior Public Sector Specialist), Nayan KrishnaJoshi (Economist), Thanapat Reungsri (Consultant), Abdoul Ganiou Mijiyawa (Senior Economist),Yixin Zhang (Operations Analyst), Durgesh Kumar Pradhan (Consultant), Prem Khanal (SocialDevelopment Specialist), Gloria Malia Mahama (Senior Social Development Specialist), DaniloRamos Antonio (Land and Geospatial Specialist), Uma Shankar Panday (Consultant), SubashGhimire (Kathmandu University), Janak Raj Pathak (Senior Environmental Specialist), Manish The team wishes to thank peer reviewers Gael Raballand (Practice Manager, EAWG1), Tuan Minh Le(Senior Economist, EMFTX), and Arnaud Heckmann (Country Operations Head, Asian DevelopmentBank Nepal), as well as Timila Shrestha, (Senior Financial Management Specialist, ESAG1), who The team is grateful for the guidance and comments provided by Sebastian Eckardt (RegionalPractice Director, Equita