铅暴露：一个主要的公共卫生问题：通过健康环境预防疾病，第4版

Exposure to leadA major public healthconcernFourth edition Preventing disease through healthy environments Exposuretolead:amajorpublichealthconcern,fourthedition.Preventingdiseasethroughhealthyenvironments ISBN 978-92-4-011238-4 (electronic version)ISBN 978-92-4-011239-1 (print version) © World Health Organization 2025 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercialpurposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there shouldbe no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHOlogo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalentCreative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimeralong with the suggested citation:“This translation was not created by the World Health Organization(WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English editionshall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with themediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization(http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/). Suggested citation. Exposuretolead:amajorpublichealthconcern,fourthedition.Preventingdiseasethroughhealthyenvironments. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2025. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data.CIP data are available at https://iris.who.int/.Sales, rights and licensing.To purchase WHO publications, see https://www.who.int/publications/book-orders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, seehttps://www.who.int/copyright. Third-party materials.If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, suchas tables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for thatreuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement ofany third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. General disclaimers.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication donot imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of anycountry, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers orboundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may notyet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they areendorsed or recommended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication.However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed orimplied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no eventshall WHO be liable for damages arising from its use. Contents Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................... ivApproach to development........................................................................................................... iv1.Introduction......................................................................................................................... 12.Sources of exposure to lead................................................................................................. 13.Health effects....................................................................................................................... 54.Risk mitigation recommendations...................................................................................... 6References..................................................................................................................................... 8 Acknowledgements The fourth edition was updated by the World Health Organization – Chemical Safety Unit.The key people involved in the update process were Julia F. Gorman, Elena Jardan andLesley Onyon. WHO extends acknowledgments to everyone who contributed to previouseditions of the publication. Approach to development The World Health Organization’s (WHO)Preventing disease through healthyenvironmentsis a series of short documents for the health care sector summarizing keyaspects of the 10 chemicals of major pub