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2025 OECDTRNCOECD/EUIPO 20252025OECDhttps://doi.org/10.1787/94d3b29f-enISBN978-92-64-60591-6ISBN978-92-64-87543-2 PDFISBN978-92-64-84315-8 HTMLISSN2617-5827ISSN2617-5835©JeffreyFisherhttps://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html.©OECD/EUIPO20254.0CCBY4.04.0https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/EUIPO/EUIPO/EUIPO2012PCA EUIPO 20254.7%OECD ©/20252008202120212.3%EUIPO2017 OECD-EUIPO JohnDrummondPatriciaGarcia-EscuderoOECDOECDKristyna RichterTomas O KaneGarcia SilviaHelenaMontoyaBorrasMichelePatterson 2025©/2025OECDTADTADMarionJansenEUIPOJoaoNegraoOECDWP-CIT··EUIPOMichał·EUIPO·Riikka PakkanenGeorge AgiusANDIAdriana Vargas Saldarriaga Paola BuendiaWCO 202512345A.B.2.1.2020-213.14.2.2020-21AB.1.GTRIC-eAB.2.GTRIC-eAB.3.GTRIC-eAB.4.GTRIC-e ©/20253417 2.2.2020-212026 4.1.2037 79142534404344513651535556 61.1.2.22.3.2020-20212.4.2020-212.6 2020-20212020-2021-21 2.1. 2025©/202511 1.2.11 2.1.2020-2021151620182018 2.5 2020-212.7 2020-20213.1 2020-20213.2 2020-202127 3.3.2020-20213.42020-20213.52020-2021-29 3.6.2020-202129 3.7 2020-20213.82020-20213.92020-202131 3.10.2020-20213.112020-202133 3.12.2020-202133 4.14.2.4.3 202037 4.4.38 4.5.2020-20213920 2025©/IP2020GTRIC96 202520202020-21502020-2179%2017-1961% 2025©/2025202146702.3%2019464020192.5%2.3%11704.7% 20251.1.1 ©/2025IP 2025©/2025EUIPO/EUIPO 2021[1])/EUIPO 2018[2])EUIPO1.2.202020171.1)202120222022201743% 20251.120211.2.2017=100050001000015000200002500030000201770901101301501701902102017 ©/20251.2)202220182019202020212022 1.3.[4]2019[5]1.4.OECD 2008[3][6]1.4.1.1.4.2.DGTAXUDCBP29.7[4]2019[5]2021[6] 2025©/2025WTO(TRIPSOECD 2008[3]OECD/EUIPO 20162021[6]OECD/EUIPO 2016[4]OECD/EUIPO 2019[5]OECD/EUIPO 2021UN Comtrade171247HSWCOWCODHSICE2020202113OECD/EUIPO 2016 2019 202120162016 20251.5.[7] ©/2025 OEMMorini2024 2.1.2.1.1.2 20252020-2021 ©/20252.1) 2025©/202520%QR2.1.2.45%2.12020202147%27%2.1.2020-2021OECD-EUIPO202120200%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50% 2025©/2025202321%19%26%2.2.OECD-EUIPOGTRIC-eGTRIC-eA22.12020-2021OECDOECD 2022[8]2018202020210%10%20%30%40%50%60%0%10%20%30%40%50%60%... 20252.2.2020-202121%6%201925% ©/2025502.3)21.4%2017-201923%15%201717% 2025©/20252.4202020212.4.2020-202120OECD-EUIPO202020210%5%10%15%20%25%30%4924329447/48.........6030...39873371...9591...42...0%5%10%15%20%25%02-2169589447/48............923960308795......71...3391...42 2025©/20252020202120212.22020-2021GTRIC-p2.2.2020-2120GTRIC-p(HSGTRIC-p64161142124160166/67/961330.9999710.8661850.5916900.5328580.4431630.4224870.335462/650.3202220.2256300.2009490.1742840.1416390.141102-210.1392OECD-EUIPO2.1) 202.3.2020-21 2025©2.1.30060%17%13% /20252.5) 2025©/202518%2%2.5.2020-2021OECD-EUIPO2.3.1.2020-20212017-20194%2020-202118%2017-1953%2020-2118%2.3.2.de minimis13%17%58%0%0%0%10%2%25%12%18%9%0%0%18%18% 2025©/20252.5)2.3.3.2.62020-2179%2017-1961%2.6.2020-21148%2-524%6-107%>1021% 2025©/2.4.(3)2021201946402.5%20193200 2025(1)(2)27%46702.3%2.7)201911704.7%201920202%2021 20253.1.3.1.1.57GTRIC3 ©/2025HS612020-213.1( 3.1.GTRIC-e2020-21(GTRICOECD-EUIPO 2025©/20253.23.2.2020-21OECD-EUIPO3.1.2.3.348%23%15%3.3.2020-2021OECD-EUIPO0%5%10%15%20%25%30%13%23%48%0%15%1% 3.2.HS643.2.1.2020-213.42020-21OECD-EUIPO3.50%10% 2025©/202583%94%3.420%30%40%50%60%70% 2025OECD-EUIPO3.2.2.3.6)1067%3.6.2020-21OECD-EUIPO0%5%10%15%20%25% ©/202570%90%10%15%70%0%0%4%1% 3.3.HS333.3.1.2020-2130,00010,0003.72020-2021OECD-EUIPO0%10% 2025©/202592%3.73.820%30%40%50%60%70% 2025OECD-EUIPO3.3.2.202020213.92020-2021OECD-EUIPO0%5%10%15%20%25%30% ©/202560%102%1%33%1%0%59%4% 3.4.HS853.4.1.2020-2193%3.10)3.102020-2021OECD-EUIPO3.110%10% 2025©/202522%17%20%30%40%50%60% 2025OECD-EUIPO3.4.2.2020202121%3.12.2020-2021OECD-EUIPO0%5%10%15%20%25%30% © /202520%21%55%0%0%1%3% 4.1.4.1.2020-2021OECD-EUIPO4 4.2252020202021202020211400%5%10%15%20%25% 7% 2025©/20252020202115%13%9%7%30%35%40%45% 2025©/202522%12%4.2)4.2.GTRIC-eGTRIC-e1GTRIC-e(i)iiGTRIC0%10%20%30%40%50%60% GTRIC-e2020-21(4.2.202020211012 2025©/20252020-2021 2025©OECD/EUIPO2025GTRICGTRIC-p4.2)4.2.2020-202120GTRIC-pEU421601611641911241331950.999710.99866/67/960.681850.569900.412580.397630.224870.21462/650.187220.153920.140300.127 2025©/20254.42020-212017-1920172019632020-210.24.4.GTRIC-p2017-192020-214.3.202111709894.7%4.5)/EUIPO 2021[6]2019134011905.8%2020202130%00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9122923062/65875863859066/67/96712495616042916433GTRICp2017-19GTRICp2020-21 46705 2025IPGDP ©/2025 2025©/202562%65%18%OECD 2025©/2025IPEPEUIPOAFAsIPEP5.1.EUIPOOECD/EUIPO 2023[9] 2025©/A.1952C.2024182319https://doi.org/10.55596/001c.1235042022OECD2008https://www.oecd.org/sti/38707619.pdf.P.2021https://doi.org/10.1787/74c81154-en./EUIPO 2023/EUIPO 2021https://doi.org/10.1787/1c04a64e-en/EUIPO 2019/https://doi.org/10.1787/g2g9f533-en./EUIPO 2018/EUIPO 2016M.2000 2025JohnWiley&Sons Ltd.New[11]York[7]https://doi.org/10.1787/f31fd13a-en[8][3][6]https://doi.org/10.1787/fa6d5089-en[9][1][5]https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264307858-en[2]ht
