绿色技术：东亚及太平洋地区脱碳发展2025

Green TechnologiesThis book, along with any associated content or subsequent updates,can be accessed athttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/43008. East Asia and Pacific Development StudiesGreen TechnologiesDecarbonizing Development inEast Asia and PacificFrancesca de NicolaAaditya MattooTrang Thu Tran © 2025 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet:www.worldbank.orgSome rights reserved1 2 3 4 28 27 26 25This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, andconclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of ExecutiveDirectors, or the governments they represent.The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work anddoes not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information or liability with respectto the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors,denominations, links/footnotes, and other information shown in this work do not imply any judgment on the part ofThe World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.The citation of works authored by others does not mean The World Bank endorses the views expressed by thoseauthors or the content of their works.Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges andimmunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.Rights and PermissionsThis work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free tocopy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions:Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: de Nicola, Francesca, Aaditya Mattoo, and Trang Thu Tran. 2025.Green Technologies: Decarbonizing Development in East Asia and Pacific.East Asia and Pacific DevelopmentStudies. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-2198-1. License: Creative Commons AttributionCC BY 3.0 IGOTranslations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with theattribution:This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an officialWorld Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation.Adaptations—If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution:This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Views and opinions expressed in the adaptation arethe sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptation and are not endorsed by The World Bank.Third-party content—The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within thework. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual component orpart contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting fromsuch infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-use a component of the work, it is your responsibilityto determine whether permission is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner.Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images.All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank,1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org.ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-2198-1ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-2217-9DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-2198-1Cover image:© Ravi Salim. Artwork by Ahmad Sadali, “Lelehan Emas Pada Relief Gunungan” (Drips of GoldUpon the Relief of a Mountain), 1973, mixed media on canvas. Collection of Museum of Modern andContemporary Art in Nusantara (Museum MACAN). Image courtesy of Museum MACAN. Used with permission.Further permission required for reuse.About the artist:Ahmad Sadali (1924–1987) was a central figure in the development of modern art in Indonesia.He used painting as a means to express his instinctive connection with nature (https://artagendasea.org/artists/35-ahmad-sadali/overview/).Cover design:Guillaume Musel, Pi COMM, France / Bill Pragluski, Critical Stages, LLCLibrary of Congress Control Number: 2025935437 E A S T A SIA A N D PACIFIC DE V ELO PMEN T S TUDIESThe EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC DEVELOPMENT STUDIES explore economic issues inone of the most vibrant regions at a time of rapid technological change. Topicsrange from improving productivity and jobs to advancing services reform, and fromenhancing education and health care to facilitating the green transition. Eachvolume blends