2025蓝色经济新机遇：海洋基塑料替代品研究报告

Marine-based substitutes andalternatives to plastics © 2025, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors anddo not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work donot imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nationsconcerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, orconcerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of any firm or licensed process does not imply the endorsement of the UnitedNations. Photocopies and reproductions of excerpts are allowed with proper credits. This publication has not been formally edited. Leaving the shoreMarine-based substitutes and alternatives to plastics Acknowledgements This study was prepared by the Division on International Trade and Commodities of UN Tradeand Development (UNCTAD), under the supervision and guidance of Chantal Line Carpentier,Head of the Trade, Environment, Climate Change and Sustainable Development Branch. DavidVivas-Eugui and Henrique Pacini of UNCTAD led the study team. UNCTAD gratefully acknowledges the substantive contributions of Lorenzo Formenti (UNCTADconsultant), Katniss Xuejiao Li (UNCTAD visiting researcher) and Malick Kane (UNCTAD) in thepreparation of the overall study. The technical inputs of Rachid Amui (UNCTAD), ElisabettaErba (Università degli Studi di Milano), and Patrizia Silva (environmental biologist) in the writingof chapter 2; Sara Ferro (sustainability expert) and Maria Durleva (UNCTAD consultant) in thewriting of chapter 3; Marco Fugazza, Christian Knebel, Lalen Lleander and Samuel Munyaneza(UNCTAD) in the writing of chapter 4 are also gratefully acknowledged. The study benefited from interviews with Bhima Aries Diyanto (Reciki), Azzedine Badis (SeaweedCoalition), Cindy Parokkil (International Organization for Standardization, ISO), Craig Updyke(American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM), Julia Reisser (Uluu), Maliha Sumar (TheFlipFlopi/The People & Planet Company), Nur Ahyani (World Wildlife Fund-, WWF), Xuesong Liu(Bottloop), Samantha Kiernan (Yale University), Mahesh Sughatan (Forum on Trade, Environment,and the SDGs), Shunta Yamaguchi (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,OECD). This study results from the cooperation between the Sustainable Manufacturing andEnvironmental Pollution (SMEP) and Ocean Economy and Fisheries Programmes of UNCTAD,with the support of the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) of the UnitedKingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Portugal. Desktop formatting was done by Rafe Dent (UNCTAD) and Lia Tostes (UNCTAD consultant). Leaving the shoreMarine-based substitutes and alternatives to plastics Abbreviations ABSaccess and benefit-sharingASCAquaculture Stewardship CouncilASTMAmerican Society for Testing and MaterialsAVEad-valorem equivalentsCAGRcompound annual growth rateCITESConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and FloraCSOscivil society organizationsFTAFree trade agreementGSCGlobal Seaweed CoalitionHSHarmonized Commodity Description and Coding SystemISAInternational Seabed AuthorityKIIskey informant interviewsLCAlife cycle assessmentMBSAsmarine-based non-plastic substitutes and alternativesMEAsmultilateral environmental agreementsMFNmost favoured nationMSCMarine Stewardship CouncilNTMsnon-tariff measuresP&CPrinciples and Criteria (of UNCTAD BioTrade)PEpolyethylenePHAspolyhydroxyalkanoatesPPMsprocess and production methodsPSpolystyreneSIDSSmall Island Developing StatesSMEPSustainable Manufacturing and Environmental Pollution ProgrammeSPSsanitary and phytosanitary (measures)TBTtechnical barriers to tradeTrPMstrade-related policy measuresTÜVTechnischer Überwachungsverein (Technical Inspection Association)VSSvoluntary sustainability standardsWCOWorld Customs OrganizationWIPOWorld Intellectual Property OrganizationWTOWorld Trade OrganizationWWFWorld Wildlife Fund Table of contents Executive summary.............................................................................. 1 Chapter I Introduction....................................................................................... 6 Chapter II Marine-based non-plastic substitutes and alternatives (MBSAs). 9 2.1. The potential of marine resources to replace plastics.............. 112.2. A first global mapping.............................................................. 13 Chapter III Challenges and opportunities for sustainable socio-economicdevelopment.................................................................................... 15 3.1. Opportunities and enabling factors.......................................... 173.1.1. Seaweed and algae......................................................................183.1.2. Mari