2025年技术与创新报告：包容性人工智能促进发展

Inclusive Artificial Intelligencefor Development Requests to reproduce excerpts or to photocopy should be addressed to the CopyrightClearance Centre at copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licences, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to: United Nations Publications405 East 42nd StreetNew York, New York 10017United States of America Email: publications@un.orgWebsite: https://shop.un.org The designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do not implythe expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legalstatus of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation ofits frontiers or boundaries. Mention of any firm or licensed process does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. This publication has been edited externally. UNCTAD/TIR/2025 ISBN: 978-92-1-003283-4eISBN: 978-92-1-106801-6ePub ISBN 978-92-1-106802-3ISSN: 2076-2917eISSN: 2224-882XSales No. E.25.II.D.1 Acknowledgements TheTechnology and Innovation Report 2025: Inclusive Artificial Intelligence for Developmentwasprepared by Wai Kit (Jackie) Si Tou and Antonio Vezzani, under the supervision of Angel GonzálezSanz, Head of Technology, Innovation and Knowledge Development Branch of UNCTAD. Thereport was initiated under the guidance of Shamika N. Sirimane, Director of the Division onTechnology and Logistics. Kenny Shui and Alex Mak (Our Hong Kong Foundation) provided substantive inputs, andDaniel Vertesy (International Telecommunication Union) and Uma Rami (International LabourOrganization) made additional contributions. Research support was provided by Claire Hodges, Ivan Napoli, Shubhika Tagore, Sichen Zhouand Tao Zou during their internship at UNCTAD, and Dmitry Plekhanov of UNCTAD providedfurther contributions. UNCTAD gratefully acknowledges the valuable comments and suggestions received fromexperts who attended informal expert consultations and external peer review meetings. Theexperts included: Andrea Filippetti (National Research Council of Italy), Carlo Pietrobelli (RomaTre University), Carsten Fink (World Intellectual Property Organization), Fernando Santiago(United Nations Industrial Development Organization), Francesco Rentocchini (Joint ResearchCentre, European Commission), Hélène Dernis (Organisation for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment), Hiwot Tesfaye (Microsoft), Jacob Rubæk Holm (Aalborg University), JoannaBryson (Hertie School of Governance), Juana Rosa Kuramoto Huamán (Technological Instituteof Production of Peru), Kevin Kohler (Simon Institute for Longterm Governance), Ludovico Alcortaand Nanditha Mathew (United Nations University–Maastricht Economic and Social ResearchInstitute on Innovation and Technology), Sandro Montresor (University of Trento), Virginia Dignum(Umeå University) and Xiaolan Fu (Oxford University). Written comments from Andreas Krause(Federal Institute of Technology Zurich) and Dame Wendy Hall (University of Southampton) areacknowledged with appreciation. The report also benefited from comments provided by different UNCTAD divisions, as part ofan internal peer review process, as well as contributions and comments from the Office of theSecretary-General of UNCTAD. The manuscript was edited by Peter Stalker. Cover design and desktop publishing wereundertaken by Magali Studer, under the coordination of the UNCTAD Communication andExternal Relations team led by Amalia Navarro. Overall production at UNCTAD was overseenby Maritza Ascencios of the Intergovernmental Outreach and Support Service. Malou Pasinosprovided administrative support. Table of contents Acknowledgements..........................................................................iiiForeword.......................................................................................... xiAbbreviations...................................................................................xiiNotes................................................................................................xiii Chapter I AI at the technology frontier............................................................ 1 A.Rapid expansion of frontier technologies............................................ 5The market potential for frontier technologies............................................... 5The market dominance of tech giants........................................................... 7B.Concentration of research and development...................................... 8C.Asymmetries in knowledge creation................................................. 10D.Evolution of AI................................................................................... 12E.Synergy between AI and other technologies..................................... 17A fifth industrial revolution............................................................................19F.The AI divide.....................................................................