采矿和二氧化碳去除

Mining andCarbon DioxideRemoval A responsible path forward formineoperators, policymakers,and otherkey stakeholders RMI–Energy. Transformed.August2026 Authors and Acknowledgements Copyrights and Citation:Cara Maesano, Kunal Khandelwal, Evvan Morton, Daniel Pike,Mining and Carbon Authors:CaraMaesano Dioxide Removal: A Responsible Path Forward for Mine Operators, Policymakers,and other Key Stakeholders,RMI, 2026,https://rmi.org/resources/mining-and-carbon-dioxide-removal/. Kunal KhandelwalEvvan MortonDaniel Pike Contributors:CharitheaCharalambous, RMI;Kyle Clark-Sutton, RMI;François de Rochette, RMI values collaboration and aims to accelerate the energy transition throughsharing knowledge and insights. We therefore allow interested parties toreference, share, and cite our work through the Creative Commons CC BY-SA 4.0license.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/. RMI;Elizabeth Healy,RMI;Rudy Kahsar, RMI;Kaveer Phillip, RMI;Annina Sartor,RMI;Isabel Wood, RMI;and Eli Weaver, RMI; Liam Bullock, IGME-CSIC; Bart de Baere,WSP; Paolo Natali; Rhys Savage; Noah Shannon, ND Shannon & Associates; andKatherine Vaz Gomes, Carbon Direct, All photos from iStock unless otherwise noted. Reviewers:Roger D. Aines, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Ram Amar, Rewind; Eli Cain, Acknowledgements:This report was made possible through the support of the Grantham Foundation Carbon Removal Alliance; James Campbell, Heriot-Watt University; Dana Cartwright;Greg Dipple, Arca; Carson Fong, Carbon Removal Canada; SpyrosFoteinis, Heriot-WattUniversity; Anu Khan, Carbon Removal Standards Initiative; Frauke Kracke, Stripe;Laura Lammers, Travertine; Stephen A. Lang; Alexander Makela, Carbon Gap; AlexandreMarty; Thomas Mills, Mati Carbon; EvangelosMouchos, Mine EnvironmentManagement Ltd., University of Bristol; Paul Needham, Arca; Patrick Orenstein,ZeroEx;Carlos Paulo, WSP; Ian Power, Trent University; Usman Rahim, South32; Luke Rondel,Karbonetiq; William Savage, Mine Environment Management Ltd.; Zivi Schaffer, AgnicoEagle; Nicolas Sdez,Pronoe; Amine Tahiri; and Connor Charles Turvey. for the Protection of the Environment and the Climate Pathfinders Foundation.It also benefitted greatly from the work of the Mining CDR Working Group co-hosted by Isometric, RMI, and WSP, input from the Advancing CDR in Miningworkshop at London Climate Action Week co-hosted by Anglo American,CDR2030, and RMI, and the work of all the CDR suppliers who are developing anddeploying solutions with and for mine operators. Contacts:Daniel Pike,dpike@rmi.org Contents 1.Executive Summary8 8.Environmental and Social Considerations64 2.Introduction and Framing12 9.Siting Considerations73 3.Mining Carbon Removal and Storage Pathwaysand their Emissions Mitigation Potential19 10.Mining CDR Hubs77 4.The Business Case for Mining CDR27 11.A Responsible Path Forward: Recommendations81 5.Landscape of Mining CDR Activity44 Appendices 6.Providing Feedstock for Geochemical CDR48 Appendix 1: Technical Appendix85 7.Quantification and Measurement Considerations56 Appendix 2: Market and Regulatory Drivers116 Glossary (1 of 4)–Mining Carbon Dioxide Removal Terminology Section 1: Carbon Dioxide Removal Terminology Additionality:A key principle for determining whether a specific project,or the climate benefits claimed from that project, would have occurred outside of dedicated funding orsupport, e.g., dedicated carbon credit purchases. Biogenic CDR:Biogenic CDR approaches use naturally-occurring biogenic carbon fixation mechanisms to capture CO₂from the atmosphere. Carbon capture,utilization, and storage(CCUS):Theprocess of capturing CO2eitherfrom theatmosphereorfroma point-source (seepoint-source emissionsbelow) andeitherusing the CO2as feedstock, storing it temporarily or permanently inproducts, orstoring it permanently in geological reservoirs.In some cases, thisprocess may result inre-release of carbon to the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide removal (CDR):Per the IPCC, CDR is anyhuman-induced activity that removes CO2from the atmosphere to be stored in either geologic, terrestrial or marinereservoirs, or else in durable products, on timescales of decades to millennia. Carbon mineralization (also known as mineral carbonation):A process where CO₂reacts with minerals to form stable, solid carbonate compounds, effectively sequesteringcarbon. Counterfactual:An alternate case in which no action, or a different action, was taken. Counterfactuals areassessed to understand the extent towhich an activity may count as"Additional" (see "Additionality"). Downstream losses (in a CDR context):The reductionin the amount ofCO₂sequestered due to inefficiencies or any physical, chemical, or biological losses during thetransportation or storage steps.Durable CDR:Carbon removal that results in long-term CO2storage, e.g., greater than 100 years. Enhanced rock weathering:A CDR approach that accelerates the natural weathering of rocks or minerals, to capture and