汽车市场转型：经济与技术分析

Carballa Smichowski, B., Duch Brown, N., Lasio, L.,NavajasCawood, E. 2026 This document is a publication by theJoint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledgeservice. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific supportto the European policymaking process. The contents of thispublication do not necessarily reflect the position or opinion of the European Commission. Neither the EuropeanCommission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for theuse that might be made of thispublication. For information on the methodology and quality underlying the data used in this publication for which thesource is neither Eurostat nor other Commission services, users should contact the referenced source. Thedesignationsemployed and the presentation of material on the maps do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on thepart of the European Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, orconcerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Contact information Name: Elena NAVAJAS-CAWOODEmail: elena.navajas-cawood@ec.europa.eu Joint Research Centre https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu JRC145518EUR 40747 PDFISBN978-92-68-40339-6ISSN1831-9424doi:10.2760/1618786KJ-01-26-250-EN-N Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2026 © European Union, 2026 The reuse policy of the European Commission documents is implemented by the Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). Unlessotherwise noted, the reuseof this document is authorised under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This means that reuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given andany changes are indicated. For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not owned by theEuropean Unionpermission must besought directly from the copyright holders.Cover page illustration:©Lagunova/ stock.adobe.com How to cite this report: Carballa Smichowski, B., Duch Brown, N., Lasio, L. and Navajas Cawood, E.,Transformingautomotive markets: an economic and technical analysis,Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2026,https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/1618786, JRC145518. Contents Abstract......................................................................................................................................................................................................3Acknowledgements..............................................................................................................................................................................4Authors.................................................................................................................................................................................................4Executive summary..............................................................................................................................................................................5Policy context...................................................................................................................................................................................5Main findings....................................................................................................................................................................................61.Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................................................82.The digitalisation and electrification of vehicles......................................................................................................102.1.Evolution of the industry: digitalisation, electrification and mobility trends..................................102.1.1.Trends in vehicle electrification..................................................................................................................112.1.2.Trends in vehicle connectivity......................................................................................................................142.1.3.Trends in new mobility services and car ownership models......................................................172.2.The technical solutions underpinning connected vehicles.........................................................................202.2.1.Connectivity levels..............................................................................................................................................202.2.2.Methods to access vehicle data.................................................................................................................242.3.The vertical structure of the automotive industry.................................