绿色技术创新：低中收入国家企业的机遇？

An opportunityfor businessesin low and middleincome countries? About IFC IFC — a member of the World Bank Group — is the largestglobal development institution focused on the privatesector in emerging markets. We work in more than 100countries, using our capital, expertise, and influence tocreate markets and opportunities in developing countries.In fiscal year 2024, IFC committed a record $56 billion toprivate companies and financial institutions in developingcountries, leveraging private sector solutions andmobilizing private capital to create a world free of povertyon a livable planet. For more information, visit www.ifc.org. InnovationinGreenTechnologies: An opportunity for businesses inlow and middle income countries? Acknowledgments This report was prepared under the guidance of Susan Lund,International Finance Corporation (IFC) vice president forEconomics and Private Sector Development, and Paolo Mauro,director of IFC’s Economic and Market Research Department. The research was carried out by an IFC team led by Ralf Martin,principal economist, in collaboration with World Bank colleaguesand external researchers. The core team of coauthors comprisedChiara Criscuolo, Golvine de Rochambeau, Samuel Asuquo Edet,Ejona Fuli, Selin Gonca Ozyurt, Chhavi Rastogi, Samuel Rosenow,Fabian Scheifele, Trang Thu Tran, Verena Wiedemann, and NadegeYameogo. Adrian Alphonse Louis Forest and Alvaro Raul EspitiaRueda provided extensive research assistance for various chapters.In addition, the work could not have taken place without assistancefrom Soumya Agrawal, Prashant Garg, Florian Anselm Muench, VietNguyen-Tien, Maxwell Read, Arjun Shah, and Dennis Verhoeven. Peer reviewers include Robin Burgess, Richard Damania, BronwynHall, Denis Medvedev, Pablo Andres Salas Bravo, and ReinhildeVeugelers. Jamie Fergusson, Carolyn Fischer, and RoumeenIslam provided additional feedback on the overall approach andspecific analyses. Mark Dutz gave technical and editorial advice. We thank Erik Churchill and Chris Vellacott fromIFC’s Communications Department for their editorialcontributions. Irina Sarchenko was the graphic designerand Bruce Ross-Larson edited the report. This report is a product of IFC’s Economics andPrivate Sector Development Vice Presidency. Key Takeaways Over the past 15 years, the markets for newenergy and production technologies—thatconserve energy or natural resources, ormitigate greenhouse gases—haveoutpacedother economic sectors. There is also risingdemand for products and processes thatmake economies more resilient to theconsequences of climate change. Emerging evidence points to lower marketentry barriersfor green technologies.Developing economies also facemore drastic consequences of climatechange, which leads them to delve intoadaptation technologies. Even so, investment in green innovation inlow and middle income countries isbelowoptimal levels. Strong knowledge spilloversand financial constraints imply thatindividual investors have insufficient meansor incentives to invest in green innovation. Drivers for this “green” market spaceinclude more widespread climateand environmental policies as wellas technological breakthroughs thatmake greener alternativescheaper ormore convenient. So,supportivepolicies or investmentstrategies can help. Although this market remains dominatedby firms from high income countries,businesses in low and middle incomecountries are alsoincreasinglyactive in thegreen market space. Innovation in green technologies by firmsin low and middle income countries alsogeneratesvalue spilloversfor firms inhigher income countries. They have acomparative advantageinscience and commercial innovation in greentechnologies, and this could ultimatelylead to stronger economic growth andjob creation. Different countries have strengths indifferentsegments or technologies inthe broad green category. Online toolsaccompanying this report provide furthergranular indicators for individual countries,technology classes, and market segments. Abbreviations AIArtificial IntelligenceBACIBase de Données sur le Commerce International (International Trade Database)DFIDevelopment Finance InstitutionEVElectric VehicleGDPGross Domestic ProductGHGGreenhouse GasHICHigh Income CountryICTInformation and Communication TechnologyIFCInternational Finance CorporationLICLow-Income CountryLMICLower and Middle Income CountryMICMiddle-Income CountryMDBMultilateral Development BankOECDOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentPATSTATPatent Statistical DatabasePVPhotovoltaicR&DResearch and DevelopmentRAARevealed Academic AdvantageRBARevealed Brand AdvantageRCARevealed Comparative AdvantageRIARevealed Investment AdvantageRTARevealed Technological Advantage Table of Contents Acknowledgments2 Abbreviations4 In Brief8 Context—The Green Transition As A Growth Market11 Opportunities—Green Product Markets19 Drivers—Changing Comparative Advantage39 Fostering Innovation in Low and Middle Income Countries Co