2022年全球水资源状况报告

Report WMO-No. 1333 © World Meteorological Organization, 2023 The right of publication in print, electronic and any other form and in any language is reserved by WMO.Short extracts from WMO publications may be reproduced without authorization, provided that thecomplete source is clearly indicated. Editorial correspondence and requests to publish, reproduceor translate this publication in part or in whole should be addressed to: Chair, Publications BoardWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO)7 bis, avenue de la PaixP.O. Box 2300CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 84 03Email:publications@wmo.int ISBN 978-92-63-11333-7 Cover illustration from WMO 2024 Calendar Competition: “Climate Change and our Empty Hand” by Malia Zerak (Afghanistan),Faiz Abad, Badakhshan, Afghanistan. This image was modified by generative AI in Adobe Photoshop. NOTE The designations employed in WMO publications and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression ofany opinion whatsoever on the part of WMO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WMO in preference toothers of a similar nature which are not mentioned or advertised. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in WMO publications with named authors are those of the authors aloneand do not necessarily reflect those of WMO or its Members. Contents Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iiList of abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vExecutive summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viForeword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viiiIntroduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Data sources and anomaly calculation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2The backdrop: overview of climatic conditions in 2022. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3River discharge..........................................5Reservoirs.............................................10Groundwater levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Soil moisture...........................................14Evapotranspiration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16Terrestrial water storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18Snow cover and glaciers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20Central Europe and the Alps.................................20Subtropical Andes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21Cryosphere changes and water resources management in Central Asia. . . . . . . .22High-impact hydrological events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26Pakistan, India and Bangladesh floods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26Sahel floods..........................................26Drought in the Horn of Africa and Central Africa......................26Extreme and long-term drought in La Plata basin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26Summer heatwave in Europe.................................28Synthesis.............................................29Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33Annex 1. Technical annex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38Annex 2. Quantitative status of groundwater.........................55 Acknowledgements WMO is grateful to the following contributors. WMO MEMBER STATES AND TERRITORIES THROUGH HYDROLOGICALADVISORS AND ASSIGNED FOCAL POINTS FOR THE STATE OF GLOBALWATER RESOURCES REPORT Armenia; Australia; Belgium; Belize; Benin; Bhutan; Botswana; Brazil; Bulgaria; Canada; China; Colombia;Croatia; Czechia; Denmark; Egypt; France; Germany; Ghana; Hong Kong, China; Hungary; Iceland; India;Kazakhstan; Kenya; Republic of Korea; Latvia; Malawi; Mauritius; Republic of Moldova; Montenegro;Myanmar; Nepal; New Zealand; Norway; Paraguay; Peru; Philippines; Poland; Singapore; Slovenia;South Africa; Sri Lanka; Sweden; Switzerland; Tajikistan; Thailand; United Kingdom of Great Britainand Northern Ireland; United Republic of Tanzania; United States of America; Uruguay; Uzbekistan.Hydrological advisors and focal points contributed to and supported the preparation of the presentreport by providing observational data, information about major hydrological events that occurredin 2022 and other relevant information, and participated in the review and validation of the report. STEERING COMMITTEE MEMBERS Jan Danhelka (Czechia, Chair of the Hydrologic