应对长期新冠肺炎的成本和护理：疫情的长期阴影

Addressing theCosts andCareforLong COVID The Long Shadow ofthePandemic Addressing the Costsand Care for Long COVID THE LONG SHADOW OF THE PANDEMIC This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed andarguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Member countries of the OECD. This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can inno way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use ofsuch data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements inthe West Bank under the terms of international law. Note by the Republic of Türkiye The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no singleauthority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Türkiye recognises the Turkish Republic ofNorthern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Türkiyeshall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”. Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European UnionThe Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Türkiye. Theinformation in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. Please cite this publication as: OECD (2026),Addressing the Costs and Care for Long COVID: The Long Shadow of the Pandemic, OECD Health Policy Studies,OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/87a0c171-en. ISBN 978-92-64-77466-7 (print)ISBN 978-92-64-96728-1 (PDF)ISBN 978-92-64-44626-7 (HTML) OECD Health Policy StudiesISSN 2074-3181 (print)ISSN 2074-319X (online) Photo credits:Cover © fizkes/Shutterstock.com. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html.© OECD 2026 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Attribution– you must cite the work.Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of the original work should be considered valid.Adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text:This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed inthis adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.Third-party material– the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and forany claims of infringement.You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shallbe Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. Foreword As an unforeseen consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, long COVID remains a challenge for patients,healthcare professionals and health systems alike. The health impact of this syndrome of persistingsymptoms is debilitating for patients and reduces their quality of life. The socio-economic impactof longCOVID encompasses absence from education and the workplace, reduced productivity, unemployment,and premature exit from theworkforce. There is a need to ensure health and social care systems providean integrated and supportive response for patients living with long COVID, in order to minimise reductionsin quality of life for patients and productivity of OECD economies. This report estimates the projected disease burden of long COVID over the next decade, and the estimatedeconomic impact on GDP for OECD and EU economies in terms of direct healthcare costs and the muchlarger indirect costs stemming from reduced productivity and employment. The policy survey reviews theinitiatives and responses that are implemented or absent from EU and OECD countries, and the progressmade in the recognition, diagnosis, management and support of patients living w