保加利亚职业教育和培训现代化项目：早期实施的经验教训

Lessons from early implementation This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Membercountries of the OECD. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereigntyover any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, cityor area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use ofsuch data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlementsin the West Bank under the terms of international law. This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can inno way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Please cite this publication as:OECD (2026),The Modernisation of Vocational Education and Training Project in Bulgaria: Lessons from earlyimplementation, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/ad5ceddc-en. Photo credits: Cover © alphaspirit.it / Shutterstock Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html.© OECD 2026 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by theterms of this licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Attribution– you must cite the work. Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text: In the event of any discrepancy betweenthe original work and the translation, only the text of original work should be considered valid. Adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text: This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinionsexpressed and arguments employed in this adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Membercountries. Third-party material– the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtainingpermission from the third party and for any claims of infringement. You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work. Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) ArbitrationRules 2012. The seat of arbitration shall be Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. The Modernisation of Vocational Educationand Training project in Bulgaria Lessons from early implementation Foreword This reportis an output under theOECD’s agreement on multi-year support for the implementation of theEvaluation Plan ofProgramme “Education” 2021-2027withthe Ministry of Education and Scienceof theRepublic of Bulgariaandthe Executive Agency “Programme Education”. Programme “Education” 2021-2027 is financed by the European Social Fund Plus and Bulgaria’s national budget. Dr. Anett John (external expert) wasthelead evaluatorandZhasmin Avetisyan(OECD Secretariat) wasco-evaluator.Christa Rawkins (OECD Secretariat) supervises the OECD’s evaluation support to Bulgaria.Theevaluationfollowed the overarching framework for the OECD’s evaluation support, prepared by CassieHague and Zhasmin Avetisyan from the OECD Secretariat. Administrative support was provided by DianaEgeli, Daiana Torres Lima and Eda Cabbar coordinated the overall production of the report. Ricardo Espinoza and Patricio Ruedi from the Vocational Education and Training and Adult learning teamin theOECD’s Centre for Skillsprovided valuable feedback at critical stages of the drafting process. The evaluation team benefitted from theoversight of Elizabeth Fordham, Deputy Head, and PauloSantiago, Head of the Policy Advice and Implementation Division within the Directorate for Education andSkills at the OECD, under the leadership of Andreas Schleicher,Director for Education and Skills andSpecial Advisor on Education Policy to the OECD Secretary-General.The authors are gratefulto them fortheir input and to theadditionaloversight provided by the OECD’s Education Policy Committee. Theauthors wish to thank the Executive Agency“Programme Education”for their assistance incoordinating the evaluation logistics and facilitating productive discussions with stakeholders. Their viewof evaluation as a learning tool was a driving force behind the evaluation and its areas of focus.Theircareful review of the draft versions of the report, and those of the Ministry of Education and Science andthe National Agency for Vocational Education and Training, are also gratefully acknowledged. Finally,theevaluat