沉迷于补贴：改革的理由（英）2026

The Case for Reform Hooked onSubsidies The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessari-ly reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governmentsthey represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of theprivileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2026.Hooked on Subsidies:The Case for Reform. World Bank, Washington, DC. License: Creative Commons AttributionCC BY 3.0 IGO. Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following dis- claimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bankand should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not Adaptations—If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaim-er along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank.Views and opinions expressed in the adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or Third-party content—The World Bank does not necessarily own each component ofthe content contained within the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant thatthe use of any third-party-owned individual component or part contained in the work willnot infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such in-fringement rests solely with you. If you wish to reuse a component of the work, it is your Cover and interior design: Patrick Ibay, Designed for Humans, Alexandria, VA,https://www.designed-for-humans.com/. Foreword Governments in emerging and developing economies are striving to deliver more for theirpeople. But they face a tight fiscal reality. Investment in public goods and services that arefundamental to job creation and growth, like education, health care and basic infrastructure, Officially reported fiscal subsidies in emerging and developing economies amount to 6.9percent of GDP on average. That’s roughly a quarter of government’s revenue, exceedingwhat these economies spend on health and education combined. However, much of this sup- Even modest reforms can generate substantial fiscal space. Savings of up to about 1.9percent of GDP in high subsidy countries are feasible. Importantly, this can be achieved This report offers a practical roadmap for reform. It starts with a comprehensive in-ventory of subsidies, so decision-makers can see the full picture. It then sets out tools toassess value for money, including distributional analysis and competition impacts. And Reforming subsidies is not about withdrawing support. It is about delivering supportthat works. At a time when there is increasing competition for every dollar of fiscal space, Pablo SaavedraVice President, Prosperity, World Bank Group Acknowledgments Hooked on Subsidies: The Case for Reformwas prepared by a World Bank team led by Fer-nando Blanco and Jaffar Al-Rikabi. Overall guidance was provided by Pablo Saavedra, VicePresident for Prosperity; Manuela Francisco, Global Director for Fiscal Policy and Growth; Part I was prepared by Jaffar Al-Rikabi, Fernando Blanco, Eric Lacey, and Julio Velasco.Bev Dahlby, Rishabh Choudhary, and Francisco Arias-Vazquez contributed to the cost-ben-efit assessment framework, while Mathieu Cloutier, Mustafa Kaba, Sumir Lal, and Rachel Part II drew on the work of a large team of World Bank experts. The authors of chapter 5were Alexandra Campmas, Eduardo Jimenez Sandoval, Gilang Hardadi, Gladys Lopez-Aceve-do, Hania Kronfol, Jean-Francois Mercure, Jose E. Signoret, Mahvish Ifrah Shaukat, MarianaIootty, Miriam Bruhn, and Xavier Cirera. Fernando Montes-Negret and Eric Feyen provid-ed inputs on financial sector subsidies. The authors of chapter 6 were Alexandra Campmas,Christian Borja-Vega, Christopher Hoy, Gabriela Inchauste, Rishabh Choudhary, FranciscoArias-Vazquez, Pedro Jose Martinez Alanis, Dale Whittington, Daniel Valderrama-Gonzalez, Apurva Sanghi, Fionne Lim Jing Wen, Gonzalo Varela, Animesh Shrivastava, NelsonTisso Eduardo, Rajiv Kumar, Felix Oppong, Djedje Hermann Yohou, Chadi Bou Habib, andRuxandra Burdescu shared country case studies and lessons on subsidy reform. The team appreciates the thoughtful feedback provided by our peer reviewers acrossmultiple rounds including Aart Kraay, Benu Bidani, Eduardo Olaberría, Martha Licetti, Se- The team also gratefully acknowledges suggestions and inputs from World Bank col-leagues at various stages of the Report’s development, including Zafer Mustafaoglu, MathewVerghis, Jean-Christophe Carret, Ahmadou Moustapha Ndiaye, Mariam J. Sherman, Xiao-qing Yu, Yuki Araki, Ani Balabanyan, Nazmus Sadat Khan, Marek Hanusch, Pui Shen Yoong,Moritz Meyer, Miguel Eduardo Sanchez Martin, Khrystyna Pak, Asger Hallberg Bor