热量、空气污染和太阳紫外线辐射：大规模集会的具体考虑因素和研究差距

Mass gathering-specificconsiderations and research gaps Heat, air pollution andsolar ultraviolet radiation Mass gathering-specificconsiderations and research gaps Heat, air pollution and solar ultraviolet radiation: mass gathering-specific considerations and research gaps ISBN 978-92-4-011731-0 (electronic version)ISBN 978-92-4-011732-7 (print version) © World Health Organization 2025 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0IGO licence (CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO;https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes,provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be nosuggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo isnot permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent CreativeCommons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer alongwith the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHOis not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be thebinding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with themediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/). Suggested citation.Heat, air pollution and solar ultraviolet radiation: mass gathering-specific considerationsand research gaps. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2025. Licence:CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data.CIP data are available athttps://iris.who.int/. Sales, rights and licensing.To purchase WHO publications, seehttps://www.who.int/publications/book-orders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, seehttps://www.who.int/copyright. Third-party materials.If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such astables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuseand to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of anythird-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. General disclaimers.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publicationdo not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal statusof any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers orboundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may notyet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they areendorsed or recommended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication.However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed orimplied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shallWHO be liable for damages arising from its use. Cover photo: Walk the Talk: The Health for All Challenge - 26 May 2024. The 5th edition of WHO’s Walk theTalk: Health for All Challenge took place in Geneva, Switzerland, on 26 May 2024, providing a healthy kickstartto the 77th World Health Assembly, 2024 © WHO / Pierre Albouy Design and Layout by Genève Design Contents ForewordAcknowledgementsAbbreviations ivvvii 1.Introduction and background1 1.1Scope of the document11.2Method used to develop this document21.3How to use this document3 2.Compendium of WHO and other UN guidance applicableto mass gatherings 2.1Event context and risk assessments52.2Legacy and evaluation102.3Working with partners and stakeholders152.4Command, Control and Communication172.5Testing and exercising (T&E)182.6Risk and crisis communication192.7Health promotion and public information252.8Disease surveillance and response272.9Emergency preparedness and contingency planning312.10Psychological considerations322.11Occupational health342.12Use of modern technologies for planning and operations372.13Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in the context of heat threatand mass gatherings392.14Heat, air pollution (ozone and PM2.5) and solar UV radiation412.15Considerations for low-resource settings and health inequities41 3.Synthesis of WHO and other UN guidance withmass gathering-specific considerations 3.1Heat3.2Air pollution3.3Solar UV radiation 455455