芬兰：选定问题（英）

FINLAND SELECTED ISSUES This paperonFinlandwas prepared by a staff team of the International Monetary Fundas background documentation for the periodic consultation with the member country. Itis based on the information available at the time it was completed onDecember 10,2025. Copies of this report are available to the public fromInternational Monetary Fund•Publication ServicesPO Box 92780•Washington, D.C. 20090Telephone: (202) 623-7430•Fax: (202) 623-7201E-mail:publications@imf.org Web:http://www.imf.org International Monetary FundWashington, D.C. FINLAND SELECTED ISSUES Prepared by Théodore Renault CONTENTS THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON FINLAND’S LABOR MARKET _____ 2 A. Context_______________________________________________________________________________ 2B. Infrastructure, Human Capital, and Digital Preparedness in Finland__________________ 2C. Labor Market Exposure and Complementarity to AI _________________________________ 4D. Conclusions and Policy Considerations ______________________________________________ 7 FIGURES 1. AI Preparedness, Digital Indicators and Electricity Prices _____________________________ 32. Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Companies _______________________________________ 43. Exposure and Complementarity to AI ________________________________________________ 54. Sectoral Differences __________________________________________________________________ 65. Gender, Education, Age and Immigrants _____________________________________________ 7 ANNEXES I. Measuring Exposure and Complementarity to AI ____________________________________ 10II. Employment by Occupation and by Sector__________________________________________ 11 THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ONFINLAND’S LABOR MARKET1 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly evolving and has the potential to reshape the job landscape acrossa broad range of skills and sectors. While most Finns will benefit from AI adoption, one-fifth of theworkforce is at risk of job displacement. Women, highly educated workers, and non-immigrants arelikely to benefit most. In contrast, men, low-educated people, and immigrants may gain less from AIadoption, primarily because they occupy jobs with low exposure. A.Context 1.Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Generative AI models have made significant advances inrecent years. These models have evolved from traditional machine learning frameworks toperforming advanced cognitive functions, processing vast amounts of data, identifying patterns, andmaking decisions. Compared to previous technological innovations, the speed of AI adoption byworkers and firms is unprecedented (Mish et al., 2025), and companies are in a competitive race todevelop AI-driven products. As a result, AI has the potential to significantly enhance productivityacross various sectors and occupations, potentially reshaping the job landscape. However, it remainsuncertain whether AI technologies will complement or substitute specific occupations, and at whatpace this will unfold. 2.The structure of this chapter is as follows.Section B assesses Finland’s digitalpreparedness and potential to harness the benefits of AI, using the IMF’s AI Preparedness Index(AIPI) and other indicators of digital skills, perception, and AI adoption by companies. Section Cexamines the characteristics of the Finnish labor market by mapping an index of exposure andcomplementarity onto occupational microdata. Section D concludes and discusses policyimplications. B.Infrastructure, Human Capital, and Digital Preparedness in Finland 3.Finland is well-prepared to benefit from AI.The IMF’s AI Preparedness Index (AIPI) ranksFinland among the most prepared countries for the AI transition, indicating its strong position toharness the benefits and mitigate the risks of AI.2This preparedness, shared with other Nordiccountries, is marked by solid innovation and legal frameworks, alongside a robust digitalinfrastructure (see Figure 1). For example, Finland hosts Europe’s most powerful supercomputer,LUMI, whose immense computing power drives cutting-edge research in fields such as climatescience and cancer research. 4.The Finnish labor force is well-educated and tech savvy. Finland’s vibrant AI ecosystem(e.g. ELLIS Institute, Finnish Center for Artificial Intelligence) actively attracts AI experts throughstrong public-private partnerships involving universities, government, and industry. More broadly,digital skills in Finland are higher than in other European countries for both simple and complextasks. Furthermore, a majority of Finns view positively the use of AI in the workplace, while mostcompanies report satisfaction with the outcomes AI delivers (AI Finland, 2025). This favorableenvironment will likely accelerate AI adoption among workers and firms. 5.AI usage in Finnish companies is among the highest in Europe. In 2024, 25 percent ofFinnish companies with 10 or more employees were using at least one AI technology (see Figure 2).This fi