全球频谱定价

The GSMA is a global organisation unifyingthe mobile ecosystem to discover, developand deliver innovation foundational topositive business environments and societalchange. Our vision is to unlock the full powerof connectivity so that people, industry andsociety thrive. Representing mobile operatorsand organisations across the mobile ecosystemand adjacent industries, the GSMA delivers GSMA Intelligence is the definitive sourceof global mobile operator data, analysis andforecasts, and publisher of authoritativeindustry reports and research. Our data coversevery operator group, network and MVNO in GSMA Intelligence is relied on by leadingoperators, vendors, regulators, financialinstitutions and third-party industry players, tosupport strategic decision-making and long- Our team of analysts and experts produceregular thought-leading research reports across We invite you to find out more atgsma.comFor spectrum information, please visitwww.gsma.com/spectrum/ www.gsmaintelligence.cominfo@gsmaintelligence.com To contact the Spectrum Team, please contactus atwww.gsma.com/spectrum/contact-us/ Contents Executive summary 1.Demand for spectrum has increased 2.Spectrum unit prices have declined2.1Unit spectrum prices worldwide2.2Spectrum prices across regions 3.Spectrum cost burden has grown over the past decade 25 4.The rising cost of spectrum negativelyaffects consumers 5.How public policies influence spectrum cost5.1Which key factors determine spectrum cost?5.2Policy choices drive spectrum prices 6.Spectrum prices need to reflect changingmarket conditions446.1Policy actions46 Executive summary The cost of spectrum affects connectivity. High spectrum prices are linkedto lower network coverage and lower download speeds, impacting political This Global Spectrum Pricing study shows trends in spectrum pricing since2014 and their impact on consumer and enterprise connectivity. In the last ten years: Spectrum costs have not reduced in line with pricing Higher spectrum costs mean: – Reduction in coverage– Lower affordability Spectrum creates a high cost burden through: –Excessive obligationson speed or coverage–Artificial scarcity,including set-asides Spectrum is indispensable to the operation of mobile networks Building on thousands of data points, we havecollated reliable spectrum cost data for morethan 250 operators in almost 100 countries.The data points from licences provideinformation on not only current cost but also the past decade, the evolution of unitprices, and how this has influenced the By combining spectrum cost data withadditional datasets on consumer outcomes,we can examine a range of hypotheses,testing how spectrum cost affects investmentand deployment of networks. The results This allows us to form unique insights onspectrum policy trends and developments The value mobile spectrum creates for society has increased, Spectrum needs have increased over the lastdecade, due to rapid growth in demand for mobiledata and new use cases. On average, the amountof spectrum dedicated to mobile networks hasnearly doubled since 2014. Market conditions have declined by 96% between 2016 and 2024. Most ofthe additional value brought by new generationsof mobile networks has been captured by The average revenue that operators generateper MHz of spectrum declined by 67% between2014 and 2024. This reduction highlights the In all regions, the average consumer now pays lessfor mobile connectivity services than a decade The combined cost of spectrum has increased, despite a The decline in revenue per MHz has not yet beenfully reflected in spectrum prices. Spectrum pricingwould normally respond to a decrease in its valuein a market-driven assignment process. However, more moderate declines. This means the values ofspectrum in higher and lower bands have Declines in unit prices were not sufficient to offsetthe build-up in the total cost of spectrum, largelydriven by acquisition of the additional spectrum Unit prices of spectrum (per MHz and populationunit) have declined in recent years. The fall hasbeen fastest in the sub-1 GHz band, where prices Globally, ongoing spectrum cost has increased by 63% Operators have paid $0.5 trillion in spectrum costover the past decade. Aggregate spectrum costhas increased by 63%, reaching 7% of operatorrevenues in 2023. The increases in accumulated predominantly driven by additions of newspectrum. In other countries, such as Italy andSpain, growth was somewhat moderated, as some There are examples of countries with high and lowspectrum cost regardless of the mode used toassign spectrum (auctions or administrativeassignments) or charged (upfront or annual fees). Spectrum cost varies significantly by country. Insome markets, the cost of spectrum can amountto a quarter of operator revenues (e.g. in India and This variation points to the impact of public policychoices driving the costs faced by operators. High spectrum cost adversely affects the viabilityof in