道路维护的可持续资金（英）

Sustainable Fundingfor Road Maintenance KEY POINTS Developing countries in Asiaand the Pacific underfundroad maintenance by 40% Funding challenges willcontinue as costs rise fromaging and expanding roadnetworks and extreme Jack Wenye DiaoFinancial Management SpecialistPFFM, PPFD, ADB Julitta Ponniah Principal Financial ManagementSpecialistFinancial Management Division (PFFM) Katrina FanoSenior Financial Management OfficerPFFM, PPFD, ADB Road asset managementsystems and efficientcontract management Mark RobisFinancial Management SpecialistPFFM, PPFD, ADB Anshuman BardhanSenior Financial Management OfficerPFFM, PPFD, ADB Disclosure of financial andperformance informationpromotes transparency,and engagement of citizens Eriko TominagaConsultantPFFM, PPFD, ADB Jannine CeriloFinancial Management AnalystPFFM, PPFD, ADB Road funds need goodgovernance; and road usercharges, where feasible, could OVERVIEW Public–private partnershipscan leverage private sectorfunding, technology, andexpertise for construction This brief examines sustainable funding for operation and maintenance (O&M) of roadsthrough the lens of public financial management (PFM). Various studies have shownthat regular and proper road maintenance can extend road life-span reduce futurecosts of road rehabilitation, and decrease vehicle operating costs. Nevertheless, manycountries underfund road maintenance due to budget constraints. This is a recurrent Based on a review of over 60 project completion reports of ADB-financed roadprojects, this brief identified six most common measures used to address the issue ISBN 978-92-9277-401-1 (print)ISBN 978-92-9277-402-8 (PDF)ISSN 2071-7202 (print)ISSN 2218-2675 (PDF)Publication Stock No. BRF250321-2 ADB BRIEFS NO. 350 road networks. Applying a PFM lens, these measures wereexamined as to how they help to plan, fund, manage, and domestic product, it only accounts for 33% of the global roadnetwork. Further, 25% of the region’s rural population still lacksall-season roads and 75% of urban residents lack efficient The brief concludes that financial sustainability of roads willremain a challenge due to chronic underfunding. Therefore,measures to improve financial sustainability should extendbeyond project-specific interventions to encompass sector-wideinterventions. Development partners should also help governments The projected growth of road networks in the region is about 3.4%per year, adding another 8 million kilometers of road by 2030.The projected cost of road investment is also substantial, ataround $550 billion per year, with an equal amount estimatedfor O&M.3Proper O&M of road networks is critical for safety, UNDERFUNDING OF ROAD OPERATION INTRODUCTION Road travel remains the most dominant mode of transport in Asiaand the Pacific enabling connectivity and socioeconomic growth.Given its relative affordability and availability, road transportaccounts for nearly 75% of all passenger and freight traffic and is the Funding for road O&M is a significant challenge, as it is subjectto fiscal pressures and budget priorities of governments indeveloped and developing countries alike. A recent study of 10ADB developing member countries (DMCs) shows that O&Munderfunding can be significant, on average 40% or more, with thefunding gap ranging from $8 million to $1.9 billion (Figure 1). Similar However, road infrastructure in the region is inadequate andlags behind the rest of the world. Despite the region accounting Sustainable Funding for Road Maintenance Measure 1: Road User Charges Challenges in funding road O&M are likely to get worse,with decreasing revenues and increasing costs. Increasingroad O&M costs are due to extreme weather events, aginginfrastructure, and expanding urbanization that are straining roadnetworks with higher traffic volumes and heavier loads. A keyrevenue stream that has traditionally financed road O&M—taxes Road user charges (RUCs) are revenues directly levied on the use ofa road network and can be a source of funding for road O&M. TheRUCs are generally categorized as either access or usage revenues,which include tolls, fuel taxes, vehicle taxes, vehicle registration fees, Benefits.Implementing RUCs can provide an additionaland steady stream of revenue to fund O&M needs for roadinfrastructure, as they are supplemental to government fundingfrom other regular sources. Further, because of the “user pays”principle, RUC promotes fairness, with those who more frequentlyuse roads expected to contribute more. However, RUCs are not A World Bank analysis of member countries of the Organisationfor Economic Co-operation and Development suggestedthat every additional $1 spent on road maintenance saves onaverage $1.50 in new investments.4Further, neglect in roadmaintenance can increase vehicle operating costs by about 15% Challenges.RUCs come with several challenges: (i) the roadnetwork may not be suitable for RUCs due to road configuration orusage pattern; (ii) there is a high