地方的力量：通往更健康城市的道路

2To Inspireand EnableThe Next Generationof Governments2The World Governments Summit is a global platform dedicated toshaping the future of governments worldwide. Each year, the Summitsets the agenda for the next generation of governments with a focuson how they can harness innovation and technology to solve universalchallenges facing humanity.The World Governments Summit is a knowledge exchange center atthe intersection of government, futurism, technology, and innovation.It functions as a thought leadership platform and networking hub forpolicymakers, experts and pioneers in human development.The Summit is a gateway to the future as it functions as the stage foranalysis of future trends, concerns, and opportunities facing humanity.It is also an arena to showcase innovations, best practice, and smartsolutions to inspire creativity to tackle these future challenges. The McKinsey Health Institute (MHI) is an enduring,non-profit-generating entity within McKinsey & Co.It was founded on the conviction that, over the nextdecade, humanity could add as much as45 billionextra years of higher-quality life(roughly six yearsper person on average—and substantially more insome countries and populations). MHI’s mission isto catalyze the actions needed across continents,sectors, and communities to realize this possibility.McKinseyHealthInstitute Table of ContentsExecutive SummaryIntroductionSection 1-Most Drivers of Health Sit Outside ConventionalHealthcare Systems and Are ModifiableSection 2-Cities Are an Effective Nexus to Influence Mostof the Drivers of HealthSection 3- Four Types of Interventions for the Toolbox ofHealthy CitiesAbout the AuthorsReferences 681016244242 Longevity is rising, while years peoplespend in good health are dwindling.The burden of disease is increasinglyage-related, non-communicable, andchronic, with populations experiencingcardiometabolic diseases, cancers andbrain health conditions. At the sametime, evidence shows that people wantmore than just the absence of painand physical suffering: they want goodmental, social, spiritual, and physicalhealth in almost equal measure.The good news is that the drivers of health are well known and arehighly modifiable. Twenty-three drivers of health have been identifiedthat have an independent, direct, and causal impact on people’s lives.Of these, 19 sit outside of the conventional healthcare system. Thesedrivers of health depend on an interplay between individual choices andbehaviors and institutional context. This interplay also suggests that theenvironment – the place in which people live – has an outsized impacton how many years people spend in good health.Cities are an effective nexus to influence most of the drivers of health.While the World Health Organization (WHO) first published on healthycities in 1978, the investment in cities as composite drivers of healthhas not kept pace with the opportunity. The result is significant, ascities have the potential to add an extra 20-25 billion years of healthierlife – approximately five years per urban inhabitant – by addressing thedrivers of health to improve the physical, mental, social, and spirituallives of their populations. Cities are also increasingly relevant as a shareof global population: more than half of today’s people live in cities andthis proportion is projected to grow to 68 percent, and up to 87 percentin high-income countries, by 2050.Executive Summary Opportunities abound at any level ofeconomic development: at any level ofaverage GDP per capita, the life expectancybetween urban geographies across the worlddiffers 10 to 20 years. This suggests thatsignificantly more improvement in life span ispossible, no matter how wealthy cities are tobegin with.Cities are a natural place for stakeholdersacross sectors to come together to advancea common goal – such as populationhealth. Public, private, and social sectorplayers in a city have large influence overall four dimensions of health as well as theunderlying drivers.The McKinsey Health Institute (MHI) hasoutlined four types of interventions that cityleaders can consider: public awareness andhealth literacy, infrastructure design, cross-sector mobilization, and cross-departmentalpolicy and regulations.The prize is huge. Depending on wherethey stand, all cities have an opportunityto initiate or accelerate journeys towardbetter health for their populations. Together,we can aspire, mobilize, and leverage thefull potential of cities to unlock billions ofadditional healthy years of life. IntroductionIdentifying the prioritydrivers of health, mobilizingstakeholders acrosssectors, and developingspecific interventions ata city level could help add20-25 billion additionalyears of higher-quality life– approximately five yearsfor every person living inurban areas worldwide. Children born today can hope to live 20 yearslonger than their relatives born in the 1960s.1The number of centenarians has increasednearly 30 times in the same time frame andis becoming