设计能效政策以提高可负担性G7国家的例子2025

Designing EnergyEfficiency Policies toEnhance Affordability Examples from G7 countriesJune 2025 INTERNATIONAL ENERGYAGENCY The IEA examines the fullspectrumof energy issuesincluding oil, gas andcoal supply anddemand, renewableenergy technologies,electricity markets,energy efficiency,access to energy,demand sidemanagement and muchmore. Through its work,the IEA advocatespolicies that will enhancethe reliability,affordability andsustainability of energyin its32Member countries,13Association countriesand beyond. IEAAssociationcountries: IEAMembercountries: AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJapanKoreaLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublic of TürkiyeUnited KingdomUnited States ArgentinaBrazilChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaKenyaMoroccoSenegalSingaporeSouth AfricaThailandUkraine This publication and any mapincluded herein are withoutprejudice to the status of orsovereignty over any territory,to the delimitation ofinternational frontiers andboundaries and to the nameof any territory, city or area. The EuropeanCommission alsoparticipates in thework of the IEA Source: IEA.International Energy AgencyWebsite: www.iea.org Abstract Energy affordability has emerged as a critical concern in the context of rising globalenergy prices and growing inequality in energy access. Lower-income householdsspenda significantly higher share of their income on energy than wealthierhouseholds, leaving them exposed to price shocks and especially vulnerable whenenergy prices increase. Energy efficiency can play a key role in delivering lowerenergy bills, reducing emissions, and enhancing resilience. However, ensuring thatall households benefit requires targeted, inclusive policy design. This issue was a central focus of an IEA workshop held in January 2025 with G7country representatives, where affordability was identified as a key challenge. Inresponse, this report was developed to provide practical guidance on designingenergy efficiency policies that support affordability, particularly in the buildings sector. As part of this work, the IEA conducted a survey with G7 governments to betterunderstand the obstacles they face. On the consumer side, major challenges includethe landlord-tenant split incentive, high upfront costs and administrative complexity.On the supply side, governments identified skills shortages and difficulties in reachingunderserved communities. Thereport analyses the affordability-focused energy efficiency policies of G7countries. These include targeted financial support, simplified programme design,strong local delivery models, and better integration with workforce development.Embedding affordability into energy efficiency policy is critical to reducing energypoverty and ensuring people-centred energy transitions. Table of contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4Policy descriptions............................................................................................................. 8Canada .......................................................................................................................... 8France ......................................................................................................................... 12United Kingdom ........................................................................................................... 19Germany...................................................................................................................... 25Italy .............................................................................................................................. 29Fiscal deductions: Ecobonus and Superbonus.............................................................29Japan........................................................................................................................... 34United States ............................................................................................................... 38Addressing affordability challenges across G7 countries ................................................. 42Key learnings ............................................................................................................... 42 Introduction A central pillar of energy policy making is ensuring affordability for consumers. The latest energy crisis, which resulted in fuel price spikes worldwide, spotlighted theissue of energy costs and the impact they have on costs of living.IEA analysisestimates that energy costs amounted to around USD 10 trillion1in 2022 (or 1 200per person on average), a nearly 20% increase from the average of the previous fiveyears. Though energy costs have come down from their recent peaks, governmentsare also winding down support programmes that helped m