尼泊尔的清洁空气
PublicDisclosureAuthorized PublicDisclosureAuthorized PublicDisclosureAuthorized PublicDisclosureAuthorized TOWARDS CLEANAIRINNEPAL Benefits,PollutionSources, andSolutions ©2025TheWorldBank 1818HStreetNW,WashingtonDC20433 Telephone:202-473-1000;Internet:www.worldbank.orgSomerightsreserved. ThisworkisaproductofTheWorldBank.Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthisworkdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheExecutiveDirectorsofTheWorldBankorthegovernmentstheyrepresent. TheWorldBankdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracy,completeness,orcurrencyofthedataincludedinthisworkanddoesnotassumeresponsibilityforanyerrors,omissions,ordiscrepanciesintheinformation,orliabilitywithrespecttotheuseoforfailuretousetheinformation,methods,processes,orconclusionssetforth.Theboundaries,colors,denominations,links/footnotesandotherinformationshowninthisworkdonotimplyanyjudgmentonthepartofTheWorldBankconcerningthelegalstatusofanyterritoryortheendorsementoracceptanceofsuchboundaries.ThecitationofworksauthoredbyothersdoesnotmeantheWorldBankendorsestheviewsexpressedbythoseauthorsorthecontentoftheirworks. Nothinghereinshallconstituteorbeconstruedorconsideredtobealimitationuponorwaiveroftheprivilegesandimmunities ofTheWorldBank,allofwhicharespecificallyreserved. RIGHTSANDPERMISSIONS Thematerialinthisworkissubjecttocopyright.BecauseTheWorldBankencouragesdisseminationofitsknowledge,thisworkmaybereproduced,inwholeorinpart,fornoncommercialpurposesaslongasfullattributiontothisworkisgiven. Attribution—Pleasecitetheworkasfollows:“WorldBank.2025.TowardsCleanAirinNepal:Benefits,PollutionSources, andSolutions.©WorldBank.” Anyqueriesonrightsandlicenses,includingsubsidiaryrights,shouldbeaddressedtoWorldBankPublications,TheWorld WHERE’SMYBLUESKY?:LIVEARTCHALLENGEINNEPAL Creativityandadvocacyforcleanaircametolifeatthe‘Where’sMyBlueSky?’LiveArtChallenge.Twenty-sixyounglocalartiststurnedtheircanvasesintocompellingstatementsagainstairpollution,raisingawarenessandurgencyinthefightforcleanerairinNepal.TheChallengewasimplementedbySattyaMediaCollective,withsupportfromtheWorldBank. ArtworksfromtheChallengeisfeaturedthroughoutthereportandiscreditedtotheindividualartists. CoverArt:CreationaWaiba,Finalist,Where’sMyBlueSky?’LiveArtChallenge. Bank,1818HStreetNW,Washington,DC20433,USA;fax:202-522-2625;email:pubrights@worldbank.org. TOWARDSCLEANAIRINNEPAL: Benefits,PollutionSources,andSolutions Contents Acknowledgement9 ListofAcronyms11 ExecutiveSummary15 A.ThestateandtrendsofairpollutioninNepal15 B.Thehumanandeconomiccostofairpollution15 C.ThemainsourcesofairpollutionintheKathmanduValleyandtheTerai17 D.Identifyingprioritymeasurestoaddressairpollutionandmeetthe“35by35”target18 E.Policyrecommendationsandsolutions19 F.TheGovernmentofNepaliscommittedtoimprovingairqualityandhassetambitioustargets, whichtheWorldBankaimstosupport24 Introduction27 Backgroundandcontext27 Reportmethodology28 StructureoftheReport29 CHAPTER1:Nepal’sAirQuality31 1.1Patternsofairquality31 1.2Airqualitymonitoring36 CHAPTER2:AirQualityGovernanceinNepal41 2.1Institutionalframeworkandgovernancestructurerelatedtoairquality41 2.2Existingairqualitypolicies44 2.2.1Environmentallawandregulation44 2.2.2Airqualitystandards44 2.2.3Environmentalfiscalpolicies46 2.3Existingsector-specificpoliciesandinitiativesrelatedtoairqualitymanagement48 2.3.1Transportsectorpoliciesrelatedtocleanerair48 2.3.2Industrialsectorpoliciesrelatedtocleanerair49 2.3.3Energysectorpoliciesrelatedtocleanerair 50 2.3.4Otherpoliciesandinitiativesrelatedtocleanerair 51 2.4Gapsinplansandpoliciesrelatedtocleanerair 53 CHAPTER3:BenefitsofCleanAirinNepal 57 3.1Healthimpactsofairpollutionandtheburdenofdisease 57 3.2Thecostofairpollution 60 3.3Multipledevelopmentbenefitsofcleanairaction 61 Chapter4:KeySourcesofAirPollutionandTechnologicalSolutions 65 4.1Keysources–sectoralandgeographic–ofairpollutionfortheKathmanduValleyandtheTerai 65 4.2Airpollutiontrendsby2035 72 4.3PrioritymeasurestoreducePM2.5exposureby2035 76 4.4Otherprioritymeasures 80 4.5Reaching35µg/m3by2035 82 CHAPTER5:CreatingtheEnablingFoundationsforCleanAirinNepal 89 5.1Data:Strengthenairqualitymonitoringandinformation 91 5.2Rules:Strengtheningairqualitygovernanceandenforcement 96 5.3Economics:Usingpricingandmarketstocreatetheeconomicsofcleanerair 104 5.4Incentives:Privatesectoradoptionofcleantechnologiesandpractices 107 5.5Infrastructure:Puttinginplaceinfrastructurethatenablesadoptionofcleanairtechnologiesandpractices 110 CONCLUSION 113 REFERENCES 115 ANNEX i AnnexA:DetailedAssessmentofAirQualityinNepal ii AnnexB:AirQualityStandards xvi AnnexC:LiteratureonHealthImpactsfromAirPollutionandAirQ+HealthAnalysisMethodology xx AnnexD:TheGAINSmodelingtool xxiii Figures Figure0.1:AverageannualairpollutionconcentrationsinNepal,202116 Figure0.2:Population-weightedPM2.5annalaverageexposureinKathmanduValley,2021-203517 Figure0.3:AirpollutionconcentrationsinNepalandtheotherfourcountriessharingtheIndo-GangeticPlainandHimalayanFoothills(IGP-HF)airshed,202118 Figure0.4:Thefiveenabling
