Striving for Clean Air Air Pollution and Public Health in South AsiaSouth Asia Development MattersStriving for Clean AirAir Pollution and Public Health in South Asia Striving for Clean Air Striving for Clean AirAir Pollution and Public Health in South Asia © 2023 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.orgSome rights reserved1 2 3 4 26 25 24 23This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Execu-tive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any ter-ritory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privi-leges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.Rights and PermissionsThis work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions:Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2023. Striving for Clean Air: Air Pollution and Public Health in South Asia. South Asia Development Matters. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1831-8. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO.Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attri-bution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank trans-lation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation.Adaptations—If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attri-bution: This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Views and opinions expressed in the adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptation and are not endorsed by The World Bank.Third-party content—The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-use a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images.All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org.ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-1831-8ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-1838-7DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1831-8Cover illustration: © Reyes Work. Further permission required for reuse.Cover design: Bill Pragluski, Critical Stages, LLC.Library of Congress Control Number: 2023907856 vContentsForeword .........................................................................................xiAcknowledgments ................................................................................xiiiMain Messages ....................................................................................xvExecutive Summary ..............................................................................xviiAbbreviations ..................................................................................xxvii1 Introduction ................................................................1Overview ......................................................................................1References .....................................................................................42 Air Quality in South Asia: A Regional Picture of the Sources of Air Pollution ..................................................5Introduction ...................................................................................5Key Features of Air Pollution in South Asia .................................................