更高的高度：在欧洲和中亚增长到高收入2025

Growing to High Income inEurope and Central Asia Leonardo IacovoneIvailo V. IzvorskiChristos KostopoulosMichael M. LokshinRichard RecordIván TorreSzilvia Doczi Greater Heights Greater Heights Growing to High Income inEurope and Central Asia Leonardo IacovoneIvailo V. IzvorskiChristos KostopoulosMichael M. LokshinRichard RecordIván TorreSzilvia Doczi © 2025 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet:www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 28 27 26 25 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations,and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board ofExecutive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this workand does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liabilitywith respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. Theboundaries, colors, denominations, links/footnotes, and other information shown in this work do not implyany judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement oracceptance of such boundaries. The citation of works authored by others does not mean The World Bankendorses the views expressed by those authors or the content of their works. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privilegesand immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license,you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under thefollowing conditions: Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Iacovone, Leonardo, Ivailo V. Izvorski, Christos Kostopoulos,Michael M. Lokshin, Richard Record, Iván Torre, and Szilvia Doczi. 2025.Greater Heights: Growing to High Incomein Europe and Central Asia.Europe and Central Asia Studies. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-2206-3. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with theattribution:This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Banktranslation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation. Adaptations—If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with theattribution:This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Views and opinions expressed in theadaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptation and are not endorsed by The WorldBank. Third-party content—The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content containedwithin the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individualcomponent or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claimsresulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-use a component of the work, it is yourresponsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from thecopyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank, 1818 HStreet NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org. ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-2206-3ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-2215-5DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-2206-3 Cover design:Melina Yingling / World Bank Creative Services, Global Corporate Solutions. Library of Congress Control Number: 2025933297 Europe and Central Asia Studies The Europe and Central Asia Studies series features analytical reports on mainchallenges and opportunities faced by countries in the region, with the aim toinform a broad policy debate. Titles in this series undergo extensive internal andexternal review prior to publication. Previous Books in This Series 2024 The Journey Ahead: Supporting Successful Migration in Europe and Central Asia(2024), Laurent Bossavie, Daniel Garrote Sánchez, Mattia Makovec 2018 Toward a New Social Contract: Taking on Distributional Tensions in Europe andCentral Asia(2018), Maurizio Bussolo, Vito Peragine, Ramya Sundaram Critical Connections: Promoting Economic Growth and Resilience in Europe andCentral Asia(2018), David Michael Gould 2017 Reaping Digital Dividends: Leveraging the