新兴市场和发展中经济体的公正和包容性能源转型：能源规划、融资、可持续燃料和社会层面

SUSTAINABLE FUELS ANDSOCIAL DIMENSIONS © IRENA 2024 Unless otherwise stated, material in this publication may be freely used, shared, copied, reproduced, printed and/or stored, providedthat appropriate acknowledgement is given of IRENA as the source and copyright holder. Material in this publication that is attributedto third parties may be subject to separate terms of use and restrictions, and appropriate permissions from these third parties may needto be secured before any use of such material. ISBN:978-92-9260-620-6 Citation:IRENA (2024),A just and inclusive energy transition in emerging markets and developing economies:Energy planning, fnancing, sustainable fuels and social dimensions, International Renewable Energy Agency,Abu Dhabi. About IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation that supports countriesin their transition to a sustainable energy future, and serves as the principal platform for international co-operation,a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and fnancial knowledge on renewableenergy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, includingbioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development,energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity. Acknowledgements This report was prepared by IRENA in collaboration with the Ministry of Mines and Energy of Brazil for The Groupof Twenty (G20) under the Brazil Presidency (December 1, 2023 – November 30, 2024). IRENA is grateful for the support, guidance and constructive engagements received from the Ministry of Mines andEnergy, and the Ministry of Foreign Afairs of Brazil. The report was developed under the guidance of Roland Roesch (Director, IRENA Innovation and Technology Centre)for Chapters 1-4; and Raul Alfaro-Pelico (Director, IRENA Knowledge, Policy and Finance Centre) for Chapter 5; andthe co-leadership of Ricardo Gorini and Ute Collier. The report was co-ordinated by Yong Chen, with contributionsfrom: Roland Roesch, Yong Chen, Ricardo Gorini (Chapter 1); Diala Hawila, Faran Rana, Erick Ruiz Araya, Job Mutyaba,Tarig Ahmed, Hannah Sofa Guinto (IRENA) and Michael Taylor (ex-IRENA), (Chapter 2); Asami Miketa, Daniel Russo,Juan Jose Garcia Mendez, Nadeem Goussous (Chapter 3); Chun Sheng Goh, Jinlei Feng, James Walker and GondiaSokhna Seck (Chapter 4); and Raul Alfaro-Pelico and Giedre Viskantaite (IRENA) (Chapter 5). IRENA also would like to express sincere appreciation to the following technical experts who reviewed the reportand provided insightful feedback, specifc comments and valuable inputs: Claire Nicolas (The World Bank), SuaniCoelho (University of Sao Paulo), Constance Miller (FAO), Daniel Duma (SEI), Luiz A Horta Nogueira (UNIFEI), PabloCarvajal (EY), Paul Komor (IRENA Technical Reviewer), Vivien Foster (The Centre for Environmental Policy, ImperialCollege London); IRENA colleagues, Ute Collier, Arno van den Bos, Binu Parthan, Michael Renner, Mirjam Reiner,Francisco Gafaro, Juan Pablo Jimenez Navarro, Deborah Machado Ayres, Iris van der Lugt, Mengzhu, Xiao, JarredMcCarthy, Samah Elsayed, Ilina Radoslavova Stefanova and Jose Toron; as well as Xavier Casals (consultant) andNicholas Wagner (ex-IRENA). Publication and editorial support was provided by Francis Field and Stephanie Clarke. The report was edited bySteven Kennedy, with design by Phoenix Design Aid. Disclaimer This publication and the material herein are provided “as is”. All reasonable precautions have been taken by IRENA to verify thereliability of the material in this publication. However, neither IRENA nor any of its ofcials, agents, data or other third-party contentproviders provides a warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, and they accept no responsibility or liability for any consequenceof use of the publication or material herein. The information contained herein does not necessarily represent the views of all Members of IRENA. The mention of specifc companiesor certain projects or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by IRENA in preference to others of a similarnature that are not mentioned. The designations employed and the presentation of material herein do not imply the expression of anyopinion on the part of IRENA concerning the legal status of any region, country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerningthe delimitation of frontiers or boundaries. CONTENTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................ 6EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................ 7 1.INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 11 2.AFFORDABLE FINANCING FOR THE ENERGY TRANSITION IN EMERG