新兴市场和发展中经济体的公正和包容性能源转型：能源规划、融资、可持续燃料和社会层面2024

SUSTAINABLE FUELS ANDSOCIAL DIMENSIONS CONTENTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................ 6EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................ 7 1.INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 11 2.AFFORDABLE FINANCING FOR THE ENERGY TRANSITION IN EMERGING MARKETSAND DEVELOPING ECONOMIES............................................................................................... 14 Key messages..................................................................................................................................142.1Investment trends.....................................................................................................................152.2Investment risks....................................................................................................................... 202.3Lowering the impact of risks on the cost of capital.............................................................. 252.4Emerging approaches to financing renewable energy projects........................................ 342.5Making financing more affordable through public financing from the G20..................... 38 3.USING ENERGY PLANNING TO DRIVE INVESTMENT...........................................................42 Key messages................................................................................................................................. 423.1Long-term energy planning as a foundation for investment............................................... 433.2Five case studies of effective energy planning.................................................................... 453.3Components of effective energy planning........................................................................... 483.4The role of international collaboration................................................................................. 54 4.SUSTAINABLE FUELS FOR THE ENERGY TRANSITION (WITH A FOCUS ON BIOFUELS)............. 56 Key messages................................................................................................................................. 564.1Introduction............................................................................................................................. 574.2Sustainable fuels and the energy transition......................................................................... 594.3Strategic implications of sustainable biofuels in regional contexts....................................614.4Complementary functions of sustainable fuels in international and trans-regional trade..... 634.5Harmonising sustainability governance systems for energy,carbon and environmental management........................................................................... 644.6Integrated strategies for large-scale deployment of sustainable fuels.............................. 67 5.SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF A JUST AND INCLUSIVE ENERGY TRANSITION...........................71 5.1Introduction............................................................................................................................. 735.2Evolving notions of a just and inclusive energy transition................................................... 735.3Identifying social challenges of the energy transition..........................................................745.4Opportunities for a socially inclusive energy transition: Policy considerations................. 755.5Opportunities for a socially inclusive energy transition: Financing considerations.......... 78 REFERENCES......................................................................................................................... 80 FIGURES Figure 2.1Energy transition–related investments in advanced economies and EMDEs........................ 16Figure 2.2Proportion of energy transition related investments in 2023 compared to populationand GDP, by country groupings........................................................................................................... 17Figure 2.3Nominal, post-tax-weighted average cost of capital for utility-scale solar PV projectsby country, 2022-2024............................................................................................................................. 21Figure 2.4Nominal, post-tax-weighted average cost of capital for onshore wind projects bycountry, 2022 and 2024.......................................................................................................................... 22Figure 2.5Bankability versus impact potential of projects submitted to ETAF funding partners....... 24Figure 2.6Illustrative impact on the total cost of capital (debt and equity) of risks and riskmitigation measures..............................................................................