2024年贸易优惠展望报告

Trade Preferences Outlook 2024Trade Preferences Outlook 2024 Trade Preferences Outlook 2024 © 2024, United NationsAll rights reserved worldwide Requests to reproduce excerpts or to photocopy should be addressed to the CopyrightClearance Center at copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licences, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to: United Nations Publications405 East 42nd Street, S–11FW001New York, New York 10017United States of America Email: publications@un.orgWebsite: https://shop.un.org/ The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and donot necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do not implythe expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legalstatus of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation ofits frontiers or boundaries. Mention of any firm or licensed process does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. This publication has not been formally edited. ISBN: 978–92–1–003267–4eISBN: 978–92–1–106743–9Sales No. E.24.II.D.24 Acknowledgements TheTrade Preferences Outlook 2024was prepared under the general guidance of Luz María dela Mora, Director, UNCTAD Division on International Trade and Commodities (DITC), and underthe supervision of Miho Shirotori, Head, Trading Systems, Services and Creative EconomyBranch, DITC, by a team composed of Taisuke Ito, Mesut Saygili, Ebru Gokce Dessemond andFederico Manto. Substantive inputs and comments within UNCTAD were provided by Bruno Antunes, KatalinBokor, Theresa Carpenter, Clovis Freire Junior, Zenathan Adnin Hasannudin, Marisa Henderson,Christian Knebel, Graham Mott, Samuel Munyaneza, Alessandro Nicita, Tansug Ok, Ralf Peters,Khairedine Ramoul, Rado Harivony Razafinombana, Vincent Valentine and Dong Wu. UNCTAD gratefully acknowledges the substantive inputs provided by member States andanonymous external experts that positively responded to surveys conducted in the preparationof the report. The desktop publishing was undertaken by Danièle Arbinet-Boglio and Laura Moresino-Borini,and the cover design by Gilles Maury. Abbreviations and acronyms ACPAfrican, Caribbean and PacificAfTaid for tradeAGOAAfrican Growth and Opportunity ActASEANAssociation of Southeast Asian NationsAVEad valorem equivalentCARIBCANCaribbean-Canada Trade AgreementCBAMCarbon Border Adjustment MechanismCBICaribbean Basin InitiativeCCCTCommonwealth Caribbean Country TariffCOMTRADECommodity Trade Statistics DatabaseDCTSDeveloping Countries Trading SchemeDFQFduty free and quota freeEAEUEurasian Economic UnionEBAEverything but ArmsEDFEuropean Development FundEECEuropean Economic CommunityEPAEconomic Partnership AgreementESCAPEconomic and Social Commission for Asia and the PacificFDIforeign direct investmentFTAfree trade agreementGATSGeneral Agreement on Trade in ServicesGATTGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGDPgross domestic productGNIgross national incomeGPTGeneral Preferential TariffGSPGeneralized System of PreferencesGVCglobal value chainHIChigh-income countryHSHarmonized Commodity Description and Coding SystemICTinformation and communication technologyIFCInternational Finance CorporationILOInternational Labour OrganizationIRAInflation Reduction ActLDCleast developed countryLDCTLeast Developed Country TariffLIClow-income countryLLDClandlocked developing countryLMIClower middle-income country Notes References to Latin America include the Caribbean countries, unless otherwise indicated. References to sub–Saharan Africa include South Africa, unless otherwise indicated. References to the United States are to the United States of America, and to theUnited Kingdom are to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The term “dollars” ($) refers to United States dollars, unless otherwise indicated. The term “billion” signifies 1,000 million. The following symbols may have been used in the tables: •Two dots (..) indicate that data are not available or are not separately reported.•Rows in tables have been omitted in those cases where nodata are available for any of the elements in the row.•A dash (–) indicates that the item is equal to zero or its value is negligible.•A blank in a table indicates that the item is not applicable, unless otherwise indicated.•A slash (/) between dates representing years, e.g. 1994/95, indicates a financial year.•Use of an en dash (–) between dates representing years, e.g. 1994–1995. Table of contents Acknowledgements..........................................................................iiiAbbreviations and acronyms...........................................................ivNotes..................................................................................................viExecutive summary.............................................