联合国贸易发展委员会年贸易优惠展望[高级副本]

Trade Preferences Outlook 2024 Advance copy © 2024, United NationsAll rights reserved worldwide Requests to reproduce excerpts or to photocopy should be addressed to the CopyrightClearance Center atcopyright.com. All other queries on rights and licences, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to: United Nations Publications405 East 42nd Street, S–11FW001New York, New York 10017United States of AmericaEmail:publications@un.orgWebsite:https://shop.un.org/ The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and donot necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do not implythe expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legalstatus of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation ofits frontiers or boundaries. Mention of any firm or licensed process does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. This publication has not been formally edited. Acknowledgements TheTrade Preferences Outlook 2024 was prepared under the general guidance ofLuz María de la Mora, Director, Division on International Trade and Commodities (DITC), andunder the supervision of Miho Shirotori, Head, Trading Systems, Services and Creative EconomyBranch, DITC, by a team composed of Taisuke Ito, Mesut Saygili, Ebru Gokce Dessemond andFederico Manto. Substantive inputs and comments to the report were provided by the following UNCTADcolleagues:Bruno Antunes,Katalin Bokor,Theresa Carpenter,Clovis Freire Junior,ZenathanAdnin Hasannudin,Marisa Henderson,Christian Knebel,Graham Mott,SamuelMunyaneza,Alessandro Nicita,Tansug Ok,Ralf Peters,Khairedine Ramoul,Rado Harivony Razafinombana, Vincent Valentine and Dong Wu. The report benefited from substantive inputs provided by member States and anonymousexternal experts that positively responded to the surveys conducted in its preparation.Their contributions are graciously acknowledged. The desktop publishing was done by Danièle Arbinet-Boglio and Laura Moresino-Borini, andthe cover design, by Gilles Maury. Abbreviations ACPAfrican, Caribbean and PacificAfTaid for tradeAGOAAfrican Growth and Opportunity ActASEANAssociation of Southeast Asian NationsAVEad valorem equivalentCARIBCANCaribbean-Canada Trade AgreementCBAMCarbon Border Adjustment MechanismCBICaribbean Basin InitiativeCCCTCommonwealth Caribbean Country TariffCOMTRADECommodity Trade Statistics DatabaseDCTSDeveloping Countries Trading SchemeDFQFduty free and quota freeEAEUEurasian Economic UnionEBAEverything but ArmsEDFEuropean Development FundEECEuropean Economic CommunityEPAEconomic Partnership AgreementESCAPEconomic and Social Commission for Asia and the PacificFDIforeign direct investmentFTAfree trade agreementGATSGeneral Agreement on Trade in ServicesGATTGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGDPgross domestic productGNIgross national incomeGPTGeneral Preferential TariffGSPGeneralized System of PreferencesGVCglobal value chainHIChigh-income countryHSHarmonized Commodity Description and Coding SystemICTinformation and communication technologyIFCInternational Finance CorporationILOInternational Labour OrganizationIRAInflation Reduction ActLDCleast developed countryLDCTLeast Developed Country TariffLIClow-income countryLLDClandlocked developing countryLMIClower middle-income country MFAMultifiber AgreementMFNmost favoured nationMNEmultinational enterpriseMRAmutual recognition agreementMSMEmicro-, small- and medium-sized enterpriseNIESNewly Industrializing EconomiesNRTPnon–reciprocal trade preferenceNTMnon–tariff measureODAofficial development assistanceOECDOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentOFDIoutward foreign direct investmentPTApreferential trade arrangementR&Dresearch and developmentRECregional economic communityRoOrules of originRTAreginal trade agreementSDTspecial and differential treatmentSEZspecial economic zoneSIDSSmall Island Developing StatesSMEsmall- and medium-sized enterpriseSPARTECASouth Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Co-operation AgreementSPSsanitary and phytosanitary measuresTBTtechnical barriers to tradeTRAINSTrade Analysis Information SystemTRIPSTrade–Related Aspects of Intellectual Property RightsUNDPUnited Nations Development ProgrammeUMICupper middle-income countryUSITCUnited States International Trade CommissionWITSWorld Integrated Trade SolutionWTOWorld Trade Organization Notes References to Latin America include the Caribbean countries, unless otherwise indicated. References to sub–Saharan Africa include South Africa, unless otherwise indicated. References to the United States are to the United States of America, and to theUnited Kingdom are to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The term “dollars” ($) refers to United States dollars, unless otherwise indicated. The term “billion” signifies 1,000 m