联合国贸易发展委员会-电池化学成分的变化及其对关键矿物供应链的影响

U N I T E D N AT I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T Changing battery chemistriesand implications for criticalminerals supply chains © 2025, United NationsAll rights reserved worldwide Requests to reproduce excerpts or to photocopy should be addressed to the CopyrightClearance Center at copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licences, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to: United Nations Publications405 East 42nd StreetNew York, New York 10017United States of AmericaEmail: publications@un.orgWebsite: https://shop.un.org The designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do not implythe expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legalstatus of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation ofits frontiers or boundaries. Mention of any firm or licensed process does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. This publication has not been formally edited. UNCTAD/DITC/COM/2025/1 ISBN: 978-92-1003228-5eISBN: 978-92-1106645-6Sales No. E.24.II.D.20 Acknowledgements This report was prepared, under the overall guidance of Luz Maria De La Mora, Director of theDivision on International Trade and Commodities of the United Nations Conference on Tradeand Development (UNCTAD), by a team led by Rachid Amui, under supervision of Clovis Freire,and with research inputs from Sofia Dominguez and Chengcheng Yan and Cosimo Frontera(UNCTAD Interns) and Arthur Magro (UNCTAD Consultant). The cover design was undertaken by the UNCTAD Communication and External RelationsSection and desktop publishing, by Danièle Boglio of the Commodities Branch of the Divisionon International Trade and Commodities. For further information about this publication, please contact the Commodities Branch,UNCTAD, Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland, tel. 00 41 22 917 62 86,email: commodities@unctad.org. Symbols andformulas Abbreviations ºC.............degrees CelsiusEV............electric vehicleGHG.........greenhouse gaskWh..........kilowatt hourLCO.........lithium cobalt oxideLFP..........lithium iron phosphateLi-S..........lithium-sulfurLIB...........lithium-ion batteryLMB.........liquid-metal batteryLMO.........lithium manganese oxideMAB.........metal-air batteryMIB..........metal-ion batteryNCA.........nickel cobalt aluminium oxideNMC........nickel manganese cobaltPV............solar photovoltaicsR&D.........research and developmentRFB..........redox flow batterySIB...........sodium-ion batterySSB..........solid-state batteryUNCTAD...United Nations Conferenceon Trade and DevelopmentUS$..........United States dollarVRFB........vanadium redox flow batteryWh/kg......watt-hour per kilogram Al..............aluminiumCa............calciumCO2.........carbon dioxidee-.............electronK..............potassiumMg............magnesiumNa............sodiumO2............oxigen gasRb............rubidiumZn.............zinc Table of contents Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................. iiiAbbreviations............................................................................................................................ ivSymbols and formulas............................................................................................................... ivKey messages.......................................................................................................................... viChapter IIntroduction....................................................................... 1Objectives................................................................................................................................. 4Structure................................................................................................................................... 4Chapter IIBattery technologies and chemistries............................ 5Batteries and chemistry............................................................................................................. 7Implications of changing battery chemistries............................................................................ 13Performance characteristics of selected battery technologies and chemistries......................... 14Strengths and weakness of selected battery types.................................................................. 16Chapter IIIOpportunities and challenges...................................... 25Opportunities and challenges.................................................................................................. 27Opportunities.......................................................................................................................... 27Challenges.......................................................................................................................