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Agro-Silvo-PastoralSector PublicExpenditure Review © 2023 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NWWashington, DC 20433Phone: 202-473-1000Website: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of the World Bank Group and external participants. Thefindings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this publication do not necessarilyreflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or thegovernments they represent. The World Bank Group does not guarantee the accuracy,reliability, or completeness of the content included in this work, or the conclusions orjudgments described herein, and accepts no responsibility for any omissions or errors(including, without limitation, typographical and technical errors) in the content whatsoeveror for reliance thereon. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shownon any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank Groupconcerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of suchboundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed to be a limitation upon or waiver of any of theprivileges and immunities of the World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions The content of this publication is subject to copyright. The World Bank Group encourages thedissemination of its work and therefore, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, fornon-commercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, TheWorld Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625;email: pubrights@worldbank.org. Cover photo: © Ollivier Girard/CIFOR. Permission obtained from the copyright holder.Additional permission required to re-use it. Cover page graphic design: Will Kemp, Global Corporate Solutions, The World Bank Group Table of Contents AcknowledgmentsviiAcronyms and AbbreviationsixExecutive SummaryxiiiIntroduction1Methodological Aspects31.Political, Institutional, and Socio-Economic Context52.Level of Public Expenditures on Agriculture9Evolution of Budgetary Allocations for the Agricultural Sector9Trend in Public Expenditures on Agriculture10Sources and Methods for securing External Financing for Agriculture11Status of Maputo Commitment Implementation and International Comparison133.Efficiency of Agriculture Allocations15Analysis of Public Expenditures on Agriculture According to their Economic Nature15Functional Analysis of Public Expenditures on Agriculture16Analysis of the Allocation of Depreciation Allowances betweenPublic and Private Goods24Breakdown of PEA by Sub-sector254.Technical Efficiency of the Programming, Execution, and Monitoring-Evaluation of Public Expenditures on Agriculture29Status of Implementation of the Program Budgeting29Efficiency of Budget Execution31Coordination, Monitoring-Evaluation, Capitalization and Appropriation of PublicExpenditures on Agriculture385.Incidence, Impact, and Sustainability of Public Expenditures onAgriculture:Four Cases - Input Subsidies, Irrigation, AgriculturalFinance,andExpendituresallocated to Forestry41Analysis of Input Subsidies41Irrigation54Analysis of Agricultural Financing74Analysis of Expenditures Allocated to Forestry86Conclusion101Bibliographic References104 Boxes Box 1:Agricultural Extension and Advisory Support18Box 2:Agricultural Research21Box 3:The Livestock Subsector26Box 4:The Fishing and Aquaculture Subsector28Box 5:Evaluation of the Implementation of PNSR II35Box 6:Summary of Former Mechanisms Criteria for Targeting Beneficiaries46Box 7:Performance of the Di Perimeter62Box 8:Performance of the Bagré Growth Pole (2011–2020)63Box 9:Environmental Intervention Fund (FIE) and Forest Fund (FF)95 Figures Figure 1:Evolution of Budget Forecasts (in billions of CFA Francs) for Ministries inCharge of Agriculture9Figure 2:Changes in Budget Forecasts for Internal Resources (in billions of CFA Francs)10Figure 3:Evolution of Public expenditures on agriculture in nominal value and real terms11Figure 4:Evolution of Public Expenditures on Agriculture by Funding Sources(in billions of CFA Francs)12Figure 5:Method of Financing Aid to the Agricultural Sector12Figure 6:Sources of Financing Aid to the Agricultural Sector for the 2016–2020 period13Figure 7:Share of Agriculture in Total Public Expenditure14Figure 8:Breakdown of Public Expenditures on Agriculture by Economic Use16Figure 9:Functional Breakdown of Public Expenditure on Agriculture over the 2016–2020 period17Figure 10:Rate of Support to Agricultural Producers20Figure 11:Total Expenditure Allocated to Agricultural Research by Type of Funding inbillions of CFA Francs22Figure 12:Breakdown of Expenditures by Nature of Goods25Figure 13:Breakdown of PEA by Sub-Sector, Average 2016–202025Figure 14:Share of credits delegated to decentralized services to cover operatingexpe