水行业的贫困和社会分析提示表

TIP SHEET ADB AND THE SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT GOALS Strategy 2030 commits the Asian DevelopmentBank (ADB) to eradicating poverty, reducinginequality, and increasing social inclusion andresilience. These commitments help realize the17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),which aim to end poverty, protect the planet,and ensure prosperity and peace for all. PSA tip sheets •provide a sector overview from theperspective of Strategy 2030 and the SDGs;•outline the PSA approach for the sector toidentify opportunities to maximize benefitsfor poor, vulnerable, and socially excludedgroups and to inform project design;•explain the use of the channels of impactmethodology to analyze a project’s likelyimpact on the target population; and•provide examples of questions andconsiderations when preparing PSA. Poverty and social analysis (PSA) is integral to ADBoperations. It recognizes poverty as multidimensional,covering not only income poverty but also the lack ofaccess to basic services such as education, health, waterand sanitation, transport, clean energy, and information andcommunication technology. PSA helps explain the complex social, economic, political,and institutional contexts in developing member countriesand sets the scene for deeper analyses and targetedactions, including those on safeguards, gender, economic,and institutional aspects. It holistically considers thedistinct but sometimes overlapping concepts of socialexclusion and vulnerability to identify social issues andpotential impacts of ADB operations. POVERTY AND SOCIAL ANALYSISIN THE WATER AND SANITATION SECTOR Projects that improve access to waterand sanitation are fundamental to publichealth efforts. Access to clean, reliable, and affordable water is essentialfor promoting economic growth and development acrosshouseholds, communities, and society.1 Substantial evidence shows that water, sewerage, andsanitation systems are more effective when developedthrough stakeholder engagement and a comprehensiveunderstanding of projects’ poverty and social impacts.These projects can create opportunities for leadership andemployment for groups often excluded, such as womenand people with disabilities. Water and sanitation projects may focus on improvinginfrastructure, capacity building, and a range of institutionaland policy initiatives. However, a comprehensiveunderstanding of context is key to prevent unintendedconsequences, such as worsening social exclusionand inequality. Quality of life.Safe and reliable water systems easedaily burdens for children and families. The purpose of PSA is to examine the context and socialenvironment; present a range of perspectives, includingthose of diverse users such as people with disabilities; andpromote community engagement and inclusion, behaviorchange, empowerment, and long-term sustainability torealize the full potential and benefits of a project. When water and sanitation projects are not suitable for orvalued by communities, they can fail because of continueduse of unsafe water sources, nonrevenue water, vandalism,and insufficient funding for maintenance. It is thereforekey to first explore willingness to pay for services, existingsubsidies for poor populations, and the distribution ofservices in relation to poverty levels. Several SDGs emphasize the link between water andsustainable development. SDG 1 (no poverty) highlightswater’s role in reducing poverty; SDG 3 (good health andwell-being) stresses the need for clean water to preventwaterborne diseases; SDG 5 (gender equality) points tothe disproportionate burden on women and girls in watercollection and its impact on their education and economicparticipation; and SDG 6 (clean water and sanitation) callsfor universal access to water and sanitation, focusing onaffordability, equity, and sustainability. Improving accessto water and sanitation helps reduce social disparities, asreflected in SDG 10 (reduced inequalities). Collecting appropriate data During project preparation, numerous streams ofdata collection must remain consistent across projectdocuments. Collecting and monitoring data on access,availability, and quality of services and systems—as well as on social outcomes such as health andemployment—are vital to ensuring continued progressin reducing poverty and social inequalities over time. Disaggregating data collection and analysis bycategories or cohorts such as sex, age, or disabilityhelps uncover hidden disparities in aggregate data.It informs the targeting of performance indicators. CHANNELS OF IMPACT Channels of impact assessment is a PSA tool for ADBoperations. Widely used by the World Bank, Organisationfor Economic Co-operation and Development, andother development partners, channels of impact providea framework to explore the many ways a project mayaffect poverty and social inclusion, inform project design,and identify indicators to monitor its impact on povertyand social inclusion. This framework ensures rigor andconsistency in PSA acr