电气化未来中的碳：技术、权衡与路径

November 2025 | Version 1.0 The Energy Transitions Commission (ETC) is a global coalition of leadersfrom across the energy landscape committed to achieving net-zeroemissions by mid-century, in line with the Paris climate objective oflimiting global warming to well below 2°C and ideally to 1.5°C. This report was developed by ETC and Systemiq. Systemiq is a system-change B-Corp certified company founded in 2016 to transform marketsand business models in five key systems: nature and food, materialsand circularity, energy, urban areas, and sustainable finance. Systemiqcombines strategic advisory with high-impact, on-the-ground work, andpartners with business, finance, policymakers and civil society to deliversystem change. The ETC Commissioners come from a range oforganisations – energy producers, energy-intensiveindustries, technology providers, finance players andenvironmental NGOs – that operate across developedand developing countries and play different roles in theenergy transition. This diversity of viewpoints informsthis work: our analyses are developed with a systemsperspective through extensive exchanges with expertsand practitioners. The ETC is chaired by Lord AdairTurner who works with the ETC team. below 2°C. Many of the key actions to achieve thesegoals are clear and can be pursued without delay. The ETC’s and Systemiq’s reportCarbon in an ElectrifiedFuture: Technologies, Trade-offs and Pathwaysanalyses how carbon can be reduced, used, sourcedand disposed of at end-of-life in a net-zero globaleconomy. It focuses on the role of electrification,hydrogen, circularity, carbon sourcing and managementtechnologies, including the key system trade-offs andscenarios illustrating their impact. The ETC Commissioners not only agree on theimportance of reaching net-zero carbon emissionsfrom the energy and industrial systems by mid-centurybut also share a broad vision of how the transition canbe achieved. The fact that this agreement is possiblebetween leaders from companies and organisations withdifferent perspectives on and interests in the energysystem should give decision-makers across the worldconfidence that it is possible simultaneously to grow theglobal economy and to limit global warming to well This report was developed in consultation with ETCMembers, but it should not be taken as membersagreeing with every finding or recommendation. The ETCteam would like to thank the ETC members, memberexperts and the ETC’s broader network of externalcontributors for their active participation in developingthis work, and Systemiq for its analytical and coordinationsupport. This work has been made possible through thegenerous support of the Quadrature Climate Foundation. This report should be cited as: ETC and Systemiq (2025),Carbon in an electrified future: Technologies, trade-offsand pathways. Learn more at: www.energy-transitions.orgwww.linkedin.com/company/energy-transitions-commissionwww.twitter.com/ETC_energywww.youtube.com/@ETC_energywww.systemiq.earth ETC Commissioners Dr. Mallika Ishwaran,Chief Economist –Shell plc Mr. Bradley Andrews,Chief Executive Officer – SLR Consulting Mr. Ian Simm,Founder and Chief Executive Officer –Impax Asset Management Mr. Greg Jackson,Founder and Chief Executive Officer –Octopus Energy Mr. Benoit Bazin,Chairman and Chief Executive Officer –Saint Gobain Mr. Sumant Sinha,Chairman, Founder and Chief ExecutiveOfficer – ReNew Ms. Sonia Brown,Group Head of Strategy, Innovation,and Market Analytics – National Grid Mr. Timothy Jarratt,Group Executive, Market Developmentand Strategy– Ausgrid Ms. Anna Skarbek,Director, Climate Works Australia –Climate Works Centre Mr. Harry Boyd-CarpenterManaging Director, SustainableInfrastructure Group – EBRD Mr. Zou Ji,Chief Executive Officer and Presidentof Energy Foundation China –EF China Ms. Marijn Steegstra,Head of Client Coverage NL & EnergyTransition, Europe and Africa –Rabobank Mr. Ahmad Butt,Executive Chairman – DeepScienceVentures Mr. Lars Johansson,COO – Volvo Lord Nicholas Stern,IG Patel Professor of Economics andGovernment – Grantham Institute – LSE Mr. Shaun Kingsbury,Chief Investment Officer – Just Climate Dr. Zhao Changwen,Chair Professor of Lingnan College,and Head of National Academy ofDevelopment, Sun Yat-sen University –Center for International Knowledge onDevelopment (CIKD) Ms. Marina Taib,Senior Vice President, Corporate Strategy–Petronas Mr. Zheng Li,Executive Vice President – Instituteof Climate Change and SustainableDevelopment, Tsinghua University Mr. Greg De Temmerman,Deputy CEO and Chief Science Officer –Quadrature Climate Foundation Mr. Bruce Lourie,President of the Ivey Foundation –The Transition Accelerator Mr. John Creyts,Chief Executive Officer – Rocky MountainInstitute Mr. Chacko Thomas,Group Chief Sustainability Officer – TataSons (Sustainability Group) Mr. Spencer Dale,Chief Economist – bp Mr. Johan Lundén,Senior Vice President, Project and ProductStrategy Office – Volvo Mr. Simon T