Human-AICollaboration: ReshapingtheEducationalEcosystemfortheFuture 18-20August2025 UNESCO IITE Beijing Normal University Beijing Normal University (BNU) grew out of theEducation Department of Imperial University ofPeking established in 1902, which initiated teachertraining in China’s higher education. After thedevelopment for over a century, BNU has become acomprehensive and research-intensive universitywith its main characteristics of basic disciplines insciences and humanities, teacher education andeducational science. The UNESCO Institute for InformationTechnologies in Education (UNESCO IITE) wasestablished as an integral part of UNESCO by theGeneral Conference of UNESCO at its 29thsession (November 1997). IITE is the onlyUNESCO сategory 1 Institute that holds a globalmandate for ICT in education. Published in 2025 by Beijing Normal University, Changping Campus, Beijing, China © Beijing Normal University & UNESCO IITE 2025 This document is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO)license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this document do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of BNU and UNESCO IITE concerning the legal status ofany country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers orboundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this document are those of the conference speakers; theyare not necessarily those of BNU and UNESCO IITE, and do not commit BNU and UNESCO IITE. Coordinators: ZENG Haijun, MIAO Miao, WUYushuang Designed and printed by Beijing Normal University & UNESCO IITE Printed in China Be in awe of education, for it shapes the soul of human,Be cautious to technologies, for its adoption has to be effective,Be entangled with Smart, for the uncertainty tends to be increasing,Be serious to academies, for the true research needs evidence. Foreword Standing at the historical starting point of "the inaugural year of smart education", the digitaltransformation of education is ushering in a key breakthrough. As the "ideal" model of educationreform and development in the era of intelligence, smart education is the target form of educationdigital transformation. To build a community of destiny for smart education, it is necessary for thegovernment, schools, enterprises and other parties to work together to meet the challenges of the newtechnology, grasp the new opportunities for educational development, and lay the foundation forcultivating talents adapted to future development. UNESCO advocates the construction of a "socialcontract" to unleash the dividends of technology in education, and the Transforming Education Summitcalls for a digital revolution to promote global educational transformation; China proposes to promotethe digitization of education to empower a learning society. Under the interaction of science andtechnology, society and education, the deep integration of intelligent technology and education hasformed a new pattern of all fields and elements, presenting multiple features and bringing newchallenges and opportunities. As the annual conference ofGSENet, the Global Smart Education Conference 2025 (GSE2025) was heldunder the theme “Human–AI Collaboration: Reshaping the Educational Ecosystem for the Future.” Theconference brought together leading experts and scholars from education, technology, and industry,alongside frontline educators from China and abroad. It featured a rich array of activities—includingplenary sessions, panel discussions, high-level dialogues, roundtable meetings, seminars, workshops,and design competitions—examining cutting-edge developments in smart education policy, technology,theory, and practice. GSE2025 also presented exemplary cases and innovative solutions from across the smart educationlandscape, further advancing global digital transformation efforts. By illuminating future directions andexploring new pathways for development, the conference contributed to a shared vision for the futureof smart education and a collectively imagined blueprint for its long-term evolution. We were delighted to witness policymakers, technology innovators, and frontline educators cometogether to explore new models for integrating emerging technologies into education, to sharepractices in human–AI co-teaching and co-learning, and to reflect on how to build a safe, effective, andsustainable smart education ecosystem for the future. Co-Chairs of GSE2025 •Prof. CHENGJianpingChairman of the University Council, Beijing Normal University; Chairman of National Engineering Research Center of Cyberlearning and Intelligent Technology, China •Prof. TANG Qian Former Assistant Director-General for Education, UNESCO Co-Chairs of Program Committee •Prof. CHENXing,Vice President, Beijing Normal University, China•Prof. ZHAN Tao,Director of UNESCO IITE•Prof. HUANG