加强对食源性疾病的监测和应对：第二阶段手册：加强基于指标的监测

Stage two manual Strengthening indicator-based surveillance Strengthening surveillance ofand response to foodborne diseases Stage two manual Strengthening indicator-based surveillance Strengthening surveillance of and response to foodborne diseases. Stage two manual: strengtheningindicator-based surveillance This publication updates the document published in 2017 entitled “Strengthening surveillance of andresponse to foodborne diseases: a practical manual. Stage 2. Strengthening indicator-based surveillance”. ISBN 978-92-4-011818-8 (electronic version)ISBN 978-92-4-011819-5 (print version) © World Health Organization 2025 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO;https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercialpurposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, thereshould be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The useof the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under thesame or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you shouldadd the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created bythe World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of thistranslation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance withthe mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization(http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/). Suggested citation.Strengthening surveillance of and response to foodborne diseases. Stagetwo manual: strengthening indicator-based surveillance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2025.Licence:CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data.CIP data are available athttps://iris.who.int/. Sales, rights and licensing.To purchase WHO publications, seehttps://www.who.int/publications/book-orders. To submit requests for commercial use and querieson rights and licensing, seehttps://www.who.int/copyright. Third-party materials.If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party,such as tables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is neededfor that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting frominfringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. General disclaimers.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in thispublication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerningthe legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning thedelimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximateborder lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that theyare endorsed or recommended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are notmentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished byinitial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in thispublication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, eitherexpressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with thereader. In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arising from its use. Contents Acknowledgmentsvi Methods vii Abbreviationsix 1.How touse this manual1 2.Introductionto stage two5 2.1Minimum Requirements72.2Objectives of the surveillance and response system82.3Vision for the surveillance and response system in stage two9 3.Indicator-based surveillance:strengtheningthe role of the laboratory 3.1Select priority foodborne diseases for surveillance183.2Establish a sampling protocol for collecting clinical specimens203.3Establish a protocol for testing clinical specimens253.4Establish a data-reporting protocol363.5Options for strengthening laboratory-based surveillance39 4.Indicator-based surveillance:strengtheningthe notifiable disease surveillance system45 4.2Notification process49 4.3Database to store surveillance data50 5.Event-basedsurveillance67 5.1Foodborne event detection: options to increase sensitivity685.2Foodborne event detection: options to increase specificity71 7.Response81 7.1Building capacity in analytical epidemiology837.2Questionnaires867.3Multisectoral collaboration88 8.Ad hoc or periodic research studies:supplementing surveillance and responsedata91 8.1Eti