投资农林业：建设气候适应力的战略（英）

Richard McNally, Chris Dickinson, and Sugar Gonzales ADB SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTWORKING PAPER SERIES ADB Sustainable Development Working Paper Series Investing in Agroforestry:A Strategy for Building Climate Resilience Richard McNally, Chris Dickinson, and Sugar GonzalesNo. 115 | December 2025 Richard McNally is a consultant at Asian DevelopmentBank (ADB). Chris Dickinson is a senior climate change specialistat ADB. Sugar Gonzales is a senior climate change officer(climate change adaptation) at ADB. TheADB Sustainable Development WorkingPaper Seriespresents data from ongoingresearch to encourage exchange of ideasand elicit comment and feedback aboutdevelopment issues in Asia and the Pacific.The views expressed are those of the authorsand do not necessarily reflect the views andpolicies of ADB or its Board of Governorsor the governments they represent. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2025 Asian Development Bank6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, PhilippinesTel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2025. ISSN 2789-0619 (print), 2789-0627 (PDF)Publication Stock No. WPS250549-2DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/WPS250549-2 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policiesof the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for anyconsequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that theyare endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, ADB does notintend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This publication is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be boundby the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisionsand terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess. This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributedto another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it.ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material. Please contact pubsmarketing@adb.org if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wishto obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to usethe ADB logo. TheADB Sustainable Development Working Paper Seriespresents data, information, and/or findings from ongoingresearch and studies to encourage exchange of ideas and elicit comment and feedback about development issues inAsia and the Pacific. Since papers in this series are intended for quick and easy dissemination, the content may or maynot be fully edited and may later be modified for final publication. Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda. CONTENTS TABLES, FIGURES, AND BOXES ACKNOWLEDGMENTSv ABBREVIATIONSvi WEIGHTS AND MEASURESvi EXECUTIVE SUMMARYvii 1BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE1 Forestry and Agriculture Sector1 2THE BENEFITS OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS Climate Change BenefitsSocioeconomic BenefitsEnvironmental BenefitsEconomic Benefits 6788 3COUNTRY CASE STUDIES11 CambodiaBangladeshThe Philippines 111725 4BARRIERS AND RESPONSES TO UPSCALING AGROFORESTRY 31 Barrier 1: Delayed returns on investment31Barrier 2: Lack of support services and value chain linkages for agroforestry products32Barrier 3: Limited access to smallholder financing for agroforestry34Barrier 4: Inability to tap into the multiple revenue streams from the multiple benefits37provided by agroforestry systemsBarrier 5: Policies and institutional arrangements do not favor agroforestry systems38Barrier 6: Gender inequities in access to resources, decision-making, and benefits from40agroforestry systems 5FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS43 REFERENCES46 TABLES, FIGURES, AND BOXES TABLES 1Changes in Forest Cover in Selected Countries22Classification of Agroforestry by Structural Components53Common Practices and Distribution of Agroforestry Across ASEAN Countries104Cambodia Forestry Profile125Recommended Agroforestry Schemes in the Sangker River Basin146Bangladesh Forestry Profile177Recommended Agroforestry Schemes in the Chittagong Hill Tracts208Annual Profit Generation from Agroforestry Model in 1 Hectare of Sloped Land249Total Economic Value of the Agroforestry Model2510Philippine Forestry Profile2