亚洲生产力组织（APO）：2025年APO生产力准备度报告

TheAsianProductivityOrganization(APO)isanintergovernmentalorganizationthatpromotes productivity as a key enablerfor socioeconomic development andorganizational and enterprise growth. Itpromotesproductivityimprovementtools,techniques,andmethodologies;supportsthe National Productivity Organizationsof its members; conducts research onproductivity trends; and disseminatesproductivity information, analyses, anddata. The APO was established in 1961and comprises 21 members. APO Members Bangladesh,Cambodia,RepublicofChina,Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, IslamicRepublic of Iran, Japan, Republic of Korea,Lao PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal,Pakistan,Philippines,Singapore,SriLanka,Thailand, Turkiye, and Vietnam. APO PRODUCTIVITYREADINESS 2025 APO Productivity Readiness 2025 Robert Breunig, Trevor Rose and Dean Parham wrote this publication. First edition published in Japanby the Asian Productivity Organization1-24-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-kuTokyo 113-0033, Japanwww.apo-tokyo.org © 2025 Asian Productivity Organization The views expressed in this publication are those of the individual authors and do not necessarilyreflect the official views, policies, or positions of the Asian Productivity Organization (APO), anyAPO member, or any organization or employer affiliated with the authors. All rights reserved. None of the contents of this publication may be used, reproduced, stored,or transferred in any form or by any means for commercial purposes without prior writtenpermission from the APO. Designed by BM Nxt CONTENTS FOREWORDXI PREFACEXIII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY1The Context2Overall Productivity Readiness3Recent Progress in Improving Productivity Readiness5Specific Strengths and Weaknesses6Directions for Government Action9 CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION11Study Overview and Methodology13Chapter Outline14References15 CHAPTER 2:BACKGROUND AND FOCUS ISSUES16Productivity Catch-up and Convergence16Industry Mix and Structural Change18Industry Mix18Difference in Productivity Levels19Structural Change20Global Value Chains and Trade22Engagement with Digitization23Artificial Intelligence26Developments in Trade in Services26Climate-change Impact, Adaptation, and Policy28Data on Effects of Climate Change and Policies Impacting Climate Change30References32 CHAPTER 3:PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS35Productivity in the APO Region35Productivity within APO Group37Sources of LP Growth39TFP Growth43Labor Quality Growth45Sources of Long-term Output Growth: Inputs or TFP?46Capital Productivity Trends50Sector and Industry Productivity51Key Point Summary53References55 Immediate Determinants58Underlying Determinants59 The Need for a Comprehensive Approach62Key Point Summary63Indicators of Productivity Determinants64Data Sources and References68References69 CHAPTER 5:PRODUCTIVITY READINESS INDEXES72PRI Methodology72PRI Results73Recent Changes82Longer-term Changes84Relationship between Productivity and Productivity Readiness87Effects of Productivity Readiness on Productivity92Key Point Summary95References97 CHAPTER 6:CRITICAL INDICATORS OF PRODUCTIVITY READINESS Institutional Quality98Openness to Trade and Investment100Stability and Motivation101Efficiency of Markets and Capabilities102Recommendations on Focus Issues that Emerge from the Analysis108Practical Steps for Policy Makers109References110 CONCLUSION111Changes since the Previous report112Country Gaps112Ways Forward for Policy113 BANGLADESH116Productivity Performance116Productivity Overview: Tables and Figures117Productivity Determinants121Immediate Determinants121Underlying Determinants: Productivity Readiness121 Underlying Determinants: Specific Strengths and Weaknesses121Future Challenges126References127 CAMBODIA129Productivity Performance129Productivity Overview: Tables and Figures130Productivity Determinants134Immediate Determinants134Underlying Determinants: Productivity Readiness134Underlying Determinants: Specific Strengths and Weaknesses135Challenges Ahead139References140 REPUBLIC OF CHINA142Productivity Performance142Productivity Overview: Tables and Figures144Productivity Determinants147Immediate Determinants147Underlying Determinants: Productivity Readiness148Underlying Determinants: Specific Strengths and Weaknesses148Challenges Ahead153References153 FIJI155Productivity Performance155Productivity Overview: Tables and Figures157Productivity Determinants160Immediate Determinants160Underlying Determinants161Underlying Determinants: Specific Strengths and Weaknesses161Challenges Ahead166References167 HONG KONG168Productivity Performance168Productivity Overview: Tables and Figures169Productivity Determinants173Immediate Determinants173Underlying Determinants: Productivity Readiness173Underlying Determinants: Specific Strengths and Weaknesses173Challenges Ahead177References178 INDIA179Productivity Performance179Productivity Overview: Tables and Figures180 Productivity Determinants184Immediate Determinants184Underlying Determinants: Productivity Readiness184Underlying Determinants: Speci