电力市场设计：建立在优势之上，弥补差距

Electricity MarketDesign Building on strengths, addressing gaps INTERNATIONAL ENERGYAGENCY The IEA examines the fullspectrumof energy issuesincluding oil, gas andcoal supply anddemand, renewableenergy technologies,electricity markets,energy efficiency,access to energy,demand sidemanagement and muchmore. Through its work,the IEA advocatespolicies that will enhancethe reliability,affordability andsustainability of energyin its32Member countries,13Association countriesand beyond. IEAAssociationcountries: IEAMembercountries: AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJapanKoreaLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublic of TürkiyeUnited KingdomUnited States ArgentinaBrazilChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaKenyaMoroccoSenegalSingaporeSouth AfricaThailandUkraine This publication and any mapincluded herein are withoutprejudice to the status of orsovereignty over any territory,to the delimitation ofinternational frontiers andboundaries and to the nameof any territory, city or area. The EuropeanCommission alsoparticipates in thework of the IEA Source: IEA.International Energy AgencyWebsite: www.iea.org Abstract Electricity markets play a central role in balancing supply and demand, guidingoperational decisions and shaping investment outcomes. As systems change withhighershares of variable generation,greater decentralisation and evolvingpatterns of electricity use, the ability of market designs to deliver secure andaffordable electricity has never been more critical. If market arrangements do notkeep pace with these developments, the functioning of electricity systems couldbecome more uncertain and more costly. This report provides a cross-regional assessment of how wholesale electricitymarkets and their complementary policy mechanisms are performing today. Wefind that short-term markets have continued to operate reliably and efficiently,translating real-time conditions into meaningful price signals even as systemcomplexity grows. Medium- and long-term markets, however, face persistent gapsin liquidity and accessibility, which can make it harder for participants to managerisk and invest with confidence. Complementary mechanisms have becomestructural features of many systems, helping to support resource adequacy anddecarbonisation objectives, but their effectiveness and cost efficiency depends ondesigns that work in concert with market signals. Theanalysis highlights that coherent evolution across market layers andmechanisms is essential to maintain secure, affordable and sustainable electricitysystems. The report concludes with insights to guide policy makers as they refinemarket arrangements and ensure that markets remain resilient, efficient andresponsive as system needs continue to change. Acknowledgements, contributorsand credits This study was prepared by the Renewable Integration and Secure Electricity(RISE) Unit in the Directorate of Energy Markets and Security (EMS). The studywas led and co-ordinated by Grace Henry, Energy Analyst – Electricity, under theguidance of Pablo Hevia-Koch, Head of RISE Unit. The main authors of this study are (in alphabetical order) Noé Aussant, Floris VanDedem, Jack Gregory, Grace Henry, Pablo Hevia-Koch, and Augustin Lorne. Key contributions were from Gyuri Cho, Chaerin Kim, Jinil Kim, Isa Lengkeek,Edward McDonald, and Mamiko Shimizu. Othercontributionsfromacrosstheagencywerefrom:YasminaAbdelilah,Vasilios Anatolitis-Pelka,Esra Bozkir Broekman,Caterina Carà,Javier Jorquera, Eleni Karanikola, Camille Paillard, Isaac Portugal, and OttaviaValentini. Hyejeong Lee provided essential support. Valuablecommentsandfeedbackwereprovidedbyotherseniormanagement andnumerous other colleagues within the IEA.In particular,HeymiBahar,ErenÇam,Laura Cozzi,Dan Dorner,Carlos FernandezAlvarez,Paolo Frankl,Tim Gould,Dennis Hesseling,Brian Motherway,KeisukeSadamori,Thomas Spencer, Jun Takashiro, Cecilia Tam, PeerapatVithayasrichareon, Brent Wanner, and Jacques Warichet. Thanksgo to the IEA’s Communications and Digital Office for their helpinproducing the report and website materials, particularly to Jethro Mullen, andPoeli Bojorquez, Astrid Dumond, Liv Gaunt, Isabelle Nonain-Semelin providedessential support to the production process. IEA’s Office of the Legal Counsel, Office of Management and Administrationand Energy Data Centre, provided assistance throughout the preparation of thereport. We also thank Einar Einarsson for his assistance on setting up the peerreview. Manysenior government officials and international experts provided inputand reviewed preliminary drafts of the report. Their comments and suggestions were of great value. They include (in alphabetical order): Australian Government Department of Climate Change Energy the Environmentand Water (DCCEEW), Harmeet Bawa (Hitachi Energy), Lorenzo Biglia (EnergyTradersEurope),Rina Bohlezeller(Agora Ener