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Europe and Central Asia|Prosperity VerticalThe World BankPublic Disclosure Authorized November2025 © 2025 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/TheWorld BankGroup1818 H Street NWWashington, D.C. 20433Internet:www.worldbank.org All rightsreservedPrinted and manufactured in Washington, D.C.First Printing: 2025 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/TheWorld BankGroup. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirelythose of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World BankGroup, to itsaffiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries theyrepresent. Even if the World BankGrouphas made every effort to verify the information used herein, it cannotguarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for anyconsequence of their use. The material in this publication iscopyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this workwithout permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopment / The World BankGroupencourages dissemination of its work and will normally grantpermission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. Contents Contents............................................................................................................................................2Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................4Abbreviations and Acronyms..............................................................................................................5Executive Summary............................................................................................................................71Introduction.............................................................................................................................10Methodology......................................................................................................................................10Data.....................................................................................................................................................11Structure of the report.......................................................................................................................122SOE Landscape and Performance in Montenegro.......................................................................13Background and Recent Developments in the SOE Sector.................................................................13SOE Portfolio.......................................................................................................................................15Performance of the SOE Sector..........................................................................................................203Corporate Governance and Accountability.................................................................................27Legal and Regulatory Framework.......................................................................................................27Ownership and Oversight Function....................................................................................................30Performance Management.................................................................................................................32Boards of Directors and Management...............................................................................................33Transparency and Disclosure..............................................................................................................39Procurement.......................................................................................................................................424Fiscal Costs and Risks from the SOE Sector.................................................................................44Fiscal costs of SOEs.............................................................................................................................44Fiscal risks of SOEs..............................................................................................................................485Markets and Competition.........................................................................................................51Competition in Law and Practice in Montenegro: An Overview........................................................51The Role of SOEs in Competitive Markets..........................................................................................52Policies and regulations can distort the level playing field between SOEs and private companies...53Examples of potential distortions associated with SOEs in selected sectors.....................................586Reform Recommendations.........