亚开行-亚太地区适应性和冲击反应性社会保护

Adaptive and Shock-ResponsiveSocial Protection in Asia and KEY POINTS Asia and the Pacific is amongthe most vulnerable regionsin the world to shocks andstresses. Marginalized groupssuch as women, girls, and Adaptive social protectionhelps build resilience toshocks and stresses, throughimproved links betweensocial protection, disaster riskmanagement, and climatechange adaptation. It should BUILDING RESILIENCE THROUGH ADAPTIVE Adaptive and shock-responsive social protection are among the key strategic objectivesfor social protection activities of the Asian Development Bank (ADB 2022a).1This brief aims to clarify what is meant by these terms; outlines why they are important;and provides examples of work to strengthen systems at the policy, program design,and implementation levels.2The policy brief concludes with recommendations to Effective adaptive socialprotection requiressystem-wide investmentsto strengthen robustness Social protection systems aim to prevent and protect people from poverty, vulnerability,and social exclusion. Historically, social protection has been associated withaddressing risks faced at the household or individual level, such as poverty, ill health, orunemployment. However, there is increasing attention to the role that social protectioncan play alongside other sectors in addressing covariate risks, meaning large-scale Policy-level investmentscan enhance strategic andinstitutional arrangementsfor adaptive social protectionacross key sectors. Existingand new programs can bedesigned and/or redesignedto help vulnerablepopulations to effectively “Adaptive social protection” refers to the integration of social protection with disasterrisk management and climate change adaptation. Adaptive social protection helpsbuild the resilience of poor and vulnerable households by investing in their capacity toprepare for, cope with, and adapt to shocks and stresses, protecting their well-being andensuring that they do not fall into or become trapped in poverty as a result (ADB 2022a). ISBN 978-92-9277-479-0 (print)ISBN 978-92-9277-480-6 (PDF)ISSN 2071-7202 (print)ISSN 2218-2675 (PDF)Publication Stock No. BRF250418-2 ADB BRIEFS NO. 359 “adaptive social protection” term (ADB 2022a). Some of the keyfeatures associated with strong adaptive social protection includecoverage of the population at scale, robust social protectioninfrastructure such as high-capacity workforce, inclusive anddynamic information and digital systems, and gender-responsiveand inclusive objectives (Bastagli and Lowe 2021). For the sake of $57 billion (ESCAP 2023a). These sudden-onset shocks are gettingmore frequent and more severe. At the same time, climate changeis also increasing long-term stresses, such as glacial melt, rising sealevels, increasing temperatures, and water scarcity. These combinedimpacts are interacting with other large-scale shifts, such as rapidurbanization, demographic changes, and increasing economicand social inequalities (e.g., between rural and urban areas, and Adaptive social protection programming can relate to all types ofsocial protection interventions, which include social assistance,social insurance, labor market programs, and social services.Based on ADB’s categories (ADB 2022a), these components can The impacts of shocks and stresses are not experienced equallyby all populations (ESCAP 2023c). Women and girls, for example,face specific and heightened risks in crises, such as increasedexposure to violence and insecurity, restrictions on their mobility,school dropout, job losses and additional care, and domestic and Social assistance.Publicly funded transfers and services forthe most vulnerable groups with no other means of adequatesupport (e.g., welfare assistance, social pensions, child grants, Social insurance.Contributory schemes to cushion the risksassociated with old age, health, disability, work injury, andunemployment (e.g., pensions, health insurance, unemployment Gaps and Challenges in AdaptiveSocial Protection Systems There has been significant investment in social protection systemsin the region over the last decade, signaling the importance of socialprotection as a policy tool to address poverty and vulnerability—and increasingly, its potential to strengthen resilience in the faceof growing shocks. In 2023, more than half the region’s population(53.6%) were covered by at least one social protection benefit,representing the largest increase in coverage of all regions globallysince 2015, and moving Asia and the Pacific closer to coveragelevels in Europe and Central Asia (85.2%) (ILO 2024). The •Labor market programs.Policies and programs designed tofacilitate employment and to promote the efficient operationof labor markets (e.g., skilling and training, public works In addition to these ADB definitions, thesocial servicescomponent usually refers to different personal social services,such as child social services, social services for older people,as well as social care. This