亚太地区适应性和冲击反应性社会保护（英）

KEY POINTS Adaptive and Shock-ResponsiveSocial Protection in Asia andthe Pacific •Asia and the Pacific is amongthe most vulnerable regionsin the world to shocks andstresses. Marginalized groupssuch as women, girls, andpeople with disabilities aretypically worst impacted. •Adaptive social protectionhelps build resilience toshocks and stresses, throughimproved links betweensocial protection, disaster riskmanagement, and climatechange adaptation. It shouldaddress how vulnerabilityto shocks is exacerbatedby existing forms ofmarginalization. BUILDING RESILIENCE THROUGH ADAPTIVEAND SHOCK-RESPONSIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION Adaptive and shock-responsive social protection are among the key strategic objectivesfor social protection activities of the Asian Development Bank (ADB 2022a).1This brief aims to clarify what is meant by these terms; outlines why they are important;and provides examples of work to strengthen systems at the policy, program design,and implementation levels.2The policy brief concludes with recommendations tofurther support this agenda in Asia and the Pacific. •Effective adaptive socialprotection requiressystem-wide investmentsto strengthen robustnessof routine provisions, andto develop or expandadaptive provisions. Social protection systems aim to prevent and protect people from poverty, vulnerability,and social exclusion. Historically, social protection has been associated withaddressing risks faced at the household or individual level, such as poverty, ill health, orunemployment. However, there is increasing attention to the role that social protectioncan play alongside other sectors in addressing covariate risks, meaning large-scaleshocks and stresses that affect entire communities, such as climate change, naturalhazards, conflict, economic downturns, and pandemics (ADB 2022a; ADB 2022b;Costella and McCord 2023). •Policy-level investmentscan enhance strategic andinstitutional arrangementsfor adaptive social protectionacross key sectors. Existingand new programs can bedesigned and/or redesignedto help vulnerablepopulations to effectivelyanticipate, absorb, and adaptto shocks and stress in thelonger term. Delivery systemscan be strengthened tosustain routine programmingin times of disruption andto implement additionaladaptive provisions. “Adaptive social protection” refers to the integration of social protection with disasterrisk management and climate change adaptation. Adaptive social protection helpsbuild the resilience of poor and vulnerable households by investing in their capacity toprepare for, cope with, and adapt to shocks and stresses, protecting their well-being andensuring that they do not fall into or become trapped in poverty as a result (ADB 2022a).“Shock-responsive social protection”is generally considered as a subset of adaptivesocial protection that focuses on the integration of social protection and disaster riskmanagement, though in some countries it may be used interchangeably with the broader ISBN 978-92-9277-479-0 (print)ISBN 978-92-9277-480-6 (PDF)ISSN 2071-7202 (print)ISSN 2218-2675 (PDF)Publication Stock No. BRF250418-2DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/BRF250418-2 ADB BRIEFS NO. 359 $57 billion (ESCAP 2023a). These sudden-onset shocks are gettingmore frequent and more severe. At the same time, climate changeis also increasing long-term stresses, such as glacial melt, rising sealevels, increasing temperatures, and water scarcity. These combinedimpacts are interacting with other large-scale shifts, such as rapidurbanization, demographic changes, and increasing economicand social inequalities (e.g., between rural and urban areas, andamong communities), placing many in a position of high—andgrowing—vulnerability (Costella and McCord 2023; ESCAP 2023b). “adaptive social protection” term (ADB 2022a). Some of the keyfeatures associated with strong adaptive social protection includecoverage of the population at scale, robust social protectioninfrastructure such as high-capacity workforce, inclusive anddynamic information and digital systems, and gender-responsiveand inclusive objectives (Bastagli and Lowe 2021). For the sake ofbrevity, this brief primarily uses the umbrella term “adaptive socialprotection,” unless it refers exclusively to a shock response. Adaptive social protection programming can relate to all types ofsocial protection interventions, which include social assistance,social insurance, labor market programs, and social services.Based on ADB’s categories (ADB 2022a), these components canbe described as follows: The impacts of shocks and stresses are not experienced equallyby all populations (ESCAP 2023c). Women and girls, for example,face specific and heightened risks in crises, such as increasedexposure to violence and insecurity, restrictions on their mobility,school dropout, job losses and additional care, and domestic andlivelihood responsibilities. These vulnerabilities and risks are furtherexacerbated for women and girls with intersectional inequalit